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Name ___________________________________________ Pd._______ World War I The Great War The War to End All Wars Chapter 13 4 Causes of World War I _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _______________________ •Deep devotion to one’s nation •How would Nationalism increase tensions among European nations?_______ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ •Caused intense competition among Europe’s great powers for industrial dominance _______________________ •A quest for colonies •How would Imperialism increase tensions among European nations? ______ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ •It intensified European nations’ sense of rivalry & mistrust toward one another as they competed for colonies in _________ & ___________ ______________________ •A policy of glorifying military power & keeping an army ______________for war & able to mobilize troops quickly in case of war •How did Militarism increase tensions among European Nations?_________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ •It led to an arms race & formation of large standing armies & eventually, to military alliances ___________________________ •An agreement crafted by_______________________, who saw France as a threat to peace, that made_________________, Austria-Hungary, & _______________military allies •How did the Triple Alliance increase tensions in Europe?______________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ •It created an unstable & fragile alliance that tried to isolate France ____________________________ •An alliance among__________________, France & ____________, in which Britain pledged not to fight France & Russia •How did the Triple Entente increase tensions among European nations?__________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ •It established 2 rival camps in Europe & that created the possibility that nay dispute between the two rival powers could draw the entire continent into war Crisis in the Balkans Balkans were known as Europe’s _____________________ _______________ wanted to increase their borders to include more Slavs _______________, fearing a Slavic rebellion, feared Serbia’s growth. Shots Fired June 28, 1914: Archduke ___________________________ & his wife, Sophia, are visiting Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia _____________________, a 19 year old member of the _____________________, a Serbian Nationalist group, shot the archduke & his wife as they drove through the streets. Princip was a Serb & Austria took the assassination as an act of Serbian aggression. War is Declared July 23: Austria presented _____________ with an ultimatum; Serbia rejected most of the demands. July 28: ________________ declared war with Serbia; ____________ mobilized to come to Serbia’s aid & sent troops to the Austrian border. The machine of war is set in motion. World War 1 has begun! Chain Reaction Austria declares war on Serbia Russia mobilized on the Austrian & ______________ border Germany declared war on Russia & _______________. The Schlieffen Plan Developed by Gen. Alfred Graf von Schlieffen In the case of a 2 front war, attack ____________ first then move troops to ________________ Why attack France first? _________________________________ _________________________________________________________ Speed was vital & France had troops along their border which would slow down Germany There is another route Invade Belgium Germany demanded _________________ allow their troops to pass through. Germany invaded Belgium to get into _________________. The invasion of Belgium brought _________________ into the war & ________________ backed out of the Triple Alliance. Two Sides •______________________: named that because of their central location in Europe •Germany & Austria-Hungary; later Bulgaria & the ___________________ would join •_______________________: Great Britain, France & Russia •Italy, ____________& the U.S. would later join The War Spreads As the war lingered on, it spread not only across Europe, but into ________________ & Asia. It was truly a world war. But one major world power had not yet entered the war… (What country was that?) __________ Unrestricted Submarine Warfare •___________ – Germany intensified its submarine warfare in the _________________ •January 1917 – Germany announced they would sink any ship without warning (unrestricted submarine warfare) knowing it could draw the ___________ into the war. U.S. Enters the War •Germany sank 3 other U.S. ships •________________________________ was the final straw •April 2, 1917 – President _____________________addressed Congress asking for a declaration of war War Affects the Home Front •WWI soon became a total war •Wartime governments took control of the economy, unemployment nearly disappeared & countries began ________________ goods •Governments also suppressed wartime activity, censored wartime news & used ______________________to gain public support Trench Warfare •Soldiers fought from holes that had been dug into the ground •Armies traded __________losses for __________gains •Space between the trenches was called _____________________ New Weapons •____________________: some caused blinding or severe blisters, others caused death by choking •____________________: improved by WWI •_______________: introduced by the British at the Battle of Somme in 1916 •____________________: used originally for taking photographs & were later fitted with guns for __________________ •_____________________________: introduced by Germany in 1914; primary weapon was a _____________; Germany used this weapon to engage in unrestricted submarine warfare; anyone was fair game Stalemate on the Western Front •By fall of 1914, troops on the _______________Front were stuck in a bloody _____________________ •_______________________Plan had originally worked •Sept. 5: Battle of the_______________________: Germans were defeated & driven back________miles; the battle left the Schlieffen Plan in ruins Battle on the Eastern Front •Stretch of battlefield along the ________________border •Russians & _______________ fought Germans, Austrians & Turks •Attack near_______________________: 4 day battle where Germany gained the upper hand by forcing Russian soldiers into full retreat & gained Prussia; more than ________________ Russians were killed •Russia faired better against Austria but with German assistance they pushed the Russians out of _______________________________ Russia’s War Effort Weakens •Russia was not_____________________________; as a result their army was continually short on food, guns, ammo, clothes, boots & blankets •Allies were unable to ship goods to Russia due to a German _________________on the Baltic Sea & Ottoman control over the Dardanelles •Russia’s only asset was its _________________ Fighting Rages Beyond Europe •The Allies, looking for a way to end the stalemate, considered the possability of attacking the__________________________. •If they secured this area, the Allies would defeat the ________________ & get supplies to __________________& launch an offensive against Austria. The Gallipoli Campaign •Began in February _________ & included British, Australian, New Zealand & French Troops •By May Gallipoli was a bloody _________________ •In December, having suffered about _____________________casualties, the Allies gave up & began to evacuate Out-side of Europe With the help of British officer ____________________, (aka: Lawrence of Arabia) & Arab guerillas, the Allies beat the Turks & gained control of _____________________, Jerusalem & Damascus. In Japan, Japanese forces quickly over-ran ________________ troops & in China seized their possessions in the _________________. British & French forces attacked & gained control of German territories in ______________. Russia Withdraws •March 1917 – civil unrest in Russia & war related shortages of ___________________________brought the Czar’s government to its knees •___________________– Czar abdicates the throne & the new provincial government promised to continue fighting •Russia had almost ______________________killed, wounded or missing & soldiers refused to continue fighting Germany’s Final Push •March 1918 – Germany launched its last offensive & pushes toward _________________ •The Allies, with nearly 140,000 fresh _________________troops, launch a counterattack •July 1918 – Second Battle of the Marne – 350 Allied ____________& over 2 million American troops push _______________out of France Central Powers Collapse •1st: Bulgarians & Ottoman Turks ________________ •October: revolution in ______________________brings the empire to an end •Germany: soldiers mutiny, the public turns on the ______________ & forces him to resign on November 9, 1918 •November 11, 1918 – German representative met French Gen. Foch in a railway car & signed an ___________________ Allies Meet at Versailles Wilson’s __________________Points January 1918 – President Wilson drew up a series of proposals that outlined a plan for achieving a just & lasting________________. Points 1 - 5 Points 6 - 13 Point 14 •End to _________________ treaties •Specific suggestions •Proposed a “general for changing borders & creating new _________________ association of nations” that would protect all states •Freedom of the seas Guiding idea behind • Peacefully negotiate •Free____________ •these points was solutions to the world’s __________________ _________________ •Reduced national armies & navies •Adjustment of colonial claims Treaty of Versailles •France wanted to punish ________________& force them to pay for the damage & suffering •Britain & France wanted to strip Germany of their war making powers •Compromise was finally reached in the Treaty of _____________________which was signed on June 28, 1919 •Wilson’s 14th point led to the creation of the ________________________________; Germany & Russia were excluded •United States ____________signed the treaty nor joined the League of Nations Treaty of Versailles: Major Provisions _____________ _____________ International peace organization; membership included the Allied powers & 32 allied & neutral nations; Germany & Russia were excluded _____________ _____________ Germany returns Alsace-Lorraine to France; French border extended to the west bank of the Rhine River; Germany surrendered all of its overseas colonies in Africa & the Pacific _____________ _____________ Limits set on the size of the German Army; Germany prohibited from importing or manufacturing weapons or war material & forbidden to build or buy submarines or have an air force _____________ _____________ Sole responsibility for the war placed on Germany’s shoulders; Germany is forced to pay the Allies $33 billion in reparations over 30 years New Nations •______________________________ •______________________________ •______________________________ •______________________________ •______________________________ •______________________________ •______________________________ •______________________________ •______________________________ Peace Built on Quicksand •Treaty of Versailles left a legacy of bitterness & hatred in the hearts of _______________________ •Japan & Italy felt they were treated ___________________ •Countries taken over by the allies felt their desire for independence was disregarded Legacy of WWI __________________________ dead __________________________ wounded Countless number of civilians died from starvation, disease & slaughter Cost: _________________________ Immediate impact: helped to ignite the _________________________ Russian Revolution •__________________– Vladimir Ilyich Lenin seized power & offers Germany a truce •March 1918 – Treaty of _____________________ is signed; it required Russia surrender lands that now include Finland, Poland, Ukraine, Estonia, Latvia & Lithuania to Germany What happened to ignite a full scale revolution? Czar’s Policies (Alexander III & Nicholas II) ___________________________ policies (Czar had absolute authority), harsh measures ( ___________________, exile of “political enemies”, ________________, & resistance to change.) Czar’s refused to recognize the need for change & give up any power. Industry & Economic Growth Grueling work conditions, miserably _________________, child labor, low standard of living, lack of political power & enormous gap between _________ & ___________ all let to civil unrest & strife. Russo-Japanese War: 1904 Russia’s losses sparked unrest at home, revealed the Czar’s ________________________ & led to a revolt in the middle of the war. Bloody Sunday Provoked a wave of strikes & violence across the country & forced Czar ____________________ to promise more freedom & create the ____________, Russia’s 1st Parliament. WWI Revealed weaknesses of Czarist rule & military leadership; destroyed the morale of Russian _______________, who mutinied , deserted & ignored orders. March Revolution Forces the Czar, Nicholas II, to abdicate his throne, allowed the Duma to set up a ______________________ government. Rasputin •Sinister Monk who helped Alexi, the Czar’s son •Killed by _____________________family •His prediction “If I die or you desert me, in 6 months you will lose your son & your throne” Bolsheviks Gain Power November 1917 Revolution ________________ ________________ Russia Organized into Republics Toppled the provisional government & gave power to the _________________ Caused millions of deaths from fighting & famine; showed that Bolsheviks were able both to seize power & maintain it; crushed Bolshevik opposition Centralized power & ________________ the country Players in the Russian Revolution _________________ Marx’s ideas formed the basis of the revolutionary movement __________________ Led the Bolshevik revolution & restored peace & order __________________ Helped negotiate Treaty of Brest-Litovsk & commanded Red Army during civil war Stalin’s Totalitarian State •Began his career in ______________ •By 1928 he had total command of the Communist Party & forced Trotsky into exile in 1929 & built a ______________________ state Key Traits Description (pg. 396) Dictatorship & one Exercises ________________ authority & dominates the Party Rule government ____________ Leader Helps unite people toward meeting shared goals or realizing a common vision; encourages people to devote their unconditional loyalty & uncritical support to the regime & becomes a symbol of the government Ideology (set of beliefs) _________________government actions & _________________ the aims of the state State control of _______sectors Business (command economy), labor, housing, education, family life, youth groups, religion & the arts State control of the individual Demands ____________ obedience to authority & personal sacrifice for the good of the state & denies basic liberties Dependence on modern tech Relies on mass communication (radios, newsreels & loudspeakers) to spread ___________________ _______________ Uses force (police terror) to crush all opposition & targets _______________ certain groups as enemies Industrial Policies Initiated the __________________ Plan to promote industrial growth & limited production of consumer goods Agricultural Policies Established ________________________ & eliminated wealthy peasants Art/Religion Introduced ___________________________ as a vehicle to rally workers Controlled the media & _________________ all forms of creativity Replaced __________________ teachings with Communist ideals Education Expanded & controlled education at all levels & opened educational opportunities to ________________ Control Methods Used __________________ & violent tactics to crush opposition & launched the _______________________ Propaganda Methods Used indoctrination & ___________ to glorify the Communist state & created state-supported youth groups to train future leaders Leftovers •Russia is now communist: How does this pose a problem for the U.S.?_____________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ •David Lloyd George predicted that fighting would resume in Europe in 2 decades. Was he correct? Why do you think he made that comment? What aspects of WWI led to WWII? ____________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________