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World War I
The Great War
The War to End All Wars
Chapter 13
4 Causes of World War I
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_______________________
•Deep devotion to one’s nation
•How would Nationalism increase tensions among European nations?_______
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
•Caused intense competition among Europe’s great powers for industrial
dominance
_______________________
•A quest for colonies
•How would Imperialism increase tensions among European nations? ______
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
•It intensified European nations’ sense of rivalry & mistrust toward one
another as they competed for colonies in _________ & ___________
______________________
•A policy of glorifying military power & keeping an army
______________for war & able to mobilize troops quickly in case of war
•How did Militarism increase tensions among European Nations?_________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
•It led to an arms race & formation of large standing armies & eventually, to
military alliances
___________________________
•An agreement crafted by_______________________, who saw France
as a threat to peace, that made_________________, Austria-Hungary, &
_______________military allies
•How did the Triple Alliance increase tensions in Europe?______________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
•It created an unstable & fragile alliance that tried to isolate France
____________________________
•An alliance among__________________, France & ____________, in
which Britain pledged not to fight France & Russia
•How did the Triple Entente increase tensions among European
nations?__________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
•It established 2 rival camps in Europe & that created the possibility that
nay dispute between the two rival powers could draw the entire continent
into war
Crisis in the Balkans
 Balkans were known as Europe’s _____________________
 _______________ wanted to increase their borders to include more
Slavs
 _______________, fearing a Slavic rebellion, feared Serbia’s growth.
Shots Fired
 June 28, 1914: Archduke ___________________________ & his wife,
Sophia, are visiting Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia
 _____________________, a 19 year old member of the
_____________________, a Serbian Nationalist group, shot the
archduke & his wife as they drove through the streets. Princip was a
Serb & Austria took the assassination as an act of Serbian aggression.
War is Declared
 July 23: Austria presented _____________ with an ultimatum; Serbia
rejected most of the demands.
 July 28: ________________ declared war with Serbia; ____________
mobilized to come to Serbia’s aid & sent troops to the Austrian border.


The machine of war is set in motion.
World War 1 has begun!
Chain Reaction
 Austria declares war on Serbia
 Russia mobilized on the Austrian & ______________ border
 Germany declared war on Russia & _______________.
The Schlieffen Plan
 Developed by Gen. Alfred Graf von Schlieffen
 In the case of a 2 front war, attack ____________ first then move
troops to ________________
 Why attack France first? _________________________________
_________________________________________________________
 Speed was vital & France had troops along their border which would slow
down Germany
 There is another route
Invade Belgium
 Germany demanded _________________ allow their troops to pass
through.
 Germany invaded Belgium to get into _________________.
 The invasion of Belgium brought _________________ into the war &
________________ backed out of the Triple Alliance.
Two Sides
•______________________: named that because of their central location
in Europe
•Germany & Austria-Hungary; later Bulgaria & the ___________________
would join
•_______________________: Great Britain, France & Russia
•Italy, ____________& the U.S. would later join
The War Spreads
As the war lingered on, it spread not only across Europe, but into
________________ & Asia. It was truly a world war. But one major world
power had not yet entered the war… (What country was that?) __________
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
•___________ – Germany intensified its submarine warfare in the
_________________
•January 1917 – Germany announced they would sink any ship without warning
(unrestricted submarine warfare) knowing it could draw the ___________
into the war.
U.S. Enters the War
•Germany sank 3 other U.S. ships
•________________________________ was the final straw
•April 2, 1917 – President _____________________addressed Congress
asking for a declaration of war
War Affects the Home Front
•WWI soon became a total war
•Wartime governments took control of the economy, unemployment nearly
disappeared & countries began ________________ goods
•Governments also suppressed wartime activity, censored wartime news &
used ______________________to gain public support
Trench Warfare
•Soldiers fought from holes that had been dug into the ground
•Armies traded __________losses for __________gains
•Space between the trenches was called _____________________
New Weapons
•____________________: some caused blinding or severe blisters, others
caused death by choking
•____________________: improved by WWI
•_______________: introduced by the British at the Battle of Somme in
1916
•____________________: used originally for taking photographs & were
later fitted with guns for __________________
•_____________________________: introduced by Germany in 1914;
primary weapon was a _____________; Germany used this weapon to
engage in unrestricted submarine warfare; anyone was fair game
Stalemate on the Western Front
•By fall of 1914, troops on the _______________Front were stuck in a
bloody _____________________
•_______________________Plan had originally worked
•Sept. 5: Battle of the_______________________: Germans were
defeated & driven back________miles; the battle left the Schlieffen Plan
in ruins
Battle on the Eastern Front
•Stretch of battlefield along the ________________border
•Russians & _______________ fought Germans, Austrians & Turks
•Attack near_______________________: 4 day battle where Germany
gained the upper hand by forcing Russian soldiers into full retreat & gained
Prussia; more than ________________ Russians were killed
•Russia faired better against Austria but with German assistance they
pushed the Russians out of _______________________________
Russia’s War Effort Weakens
•Russia was not_____________________________; as a result their
army was continually short on food, guns, ammo, clothes, boots & blankets
•Allies were unable to ship goods to Russia due to a German
_________________on the Baltic Sea & Ottoman control over the
Dardanelles
•Russia’s only asset was its _________________
Fighting Rages Beyond Europe
•The Allies, looking for a way to end the stalemate, considered the
possability of attacking the__________________________.
•If they secured this area, the Allies would defeat the ________________
& get supplies to __________________& launch an offensive against
Austria.
The Gallipoli Campaign
•Began in February _________ & included British, Australian, New Zealand
& French Troops
•By May Gallipoli was a bloody _________________
•In December, having suffered about _____________________casualties,
the Allies gave up & began to evacuate
Out-side of Europe
 With the help of British officer ____________________, (aka:
Lawrence of Arabia) & Arab guerillas, the Allies beat the Turks & gained
control of _____________________, Jerusalem & Damascus.
 In Japan, Japanese forces quickly over-ran ________________ troops
& in China seized their possessions in the _________________.
 British & French forces attacked & gained control of German territories
in ______________.
Russia Withdraws
•March 1917 – civil unrest in Russia & war related shortages of
___________________________brought the Czar’s government to its
knees
•___________________– Czar abdicates the throne & the new provincial
government promised to continue fighting
•Russia had almost ______________________killed, wounded or missing &
soldiers refused to continue fighting
Germany’s Final Push
•March 1918 – Germany launched its last offensive & pushes toward
_________________
•The Allies, with nearly 140,000 fresh _________________troops, launch
a counterattack
•July 1918 – Second Battle of the Marne – 350 Allied ____________& over
2 million American troops push _______________out of France
Central Powers Collapse
•1st: Bulgarians & Ottoman Turks ________________
•October: revolution in ______________________brings the empire to an
end
•Germany: soldiers mutiny, the public turns on the ______________ &
forces him to resign on November 9, 1918
•November 11, 1918 – German representative met French Gen. Foch in a
railway car & signed an ___________________
Allies Meet at Versailles
Wilson’s __________________Points
 January 1918 – President Wilson drew up a series of proposals that
outlined a plan for achieving a just & lasting________________.

Points 1 - 5
Points 6 - 13
Point 14
•End to
_________________
treaties
•Specific suggestions •Proposed a “general
for changing borders &
creating new
_________________
association of nations”
that would protect all
states
•Freedom of the seas
Guiding idea behind
• Peacefully negotiate
•Free____________ •these
points was
solutions to the world’s
__________________ _________________
•Reduced national
armies & navies
•Adjustment of
colonial claims
Treaty of Versailles
•France wanted to punish ________________& force them to pay for the
damage & suffering
•Britain & France wanted to strip Germany of their war making powers
•Compromise was finally reached in the Treaty of
_____________________which was signed on June 28, 1919
•Wilson’s 14th point led to the creation of the
________________________________; Germany & Russia were excluded
•United States ____________signed the treaty nor joined the League of
Nations
Treaty of Versailles: Major Provisions
_____________
_____________
International peace organization; membership included
the Allied powers & 32 allied & neutral nations; Germany
& Russia were excluded
_____________
_____________
Germany returns Alsace-Lorraine to France; French
border extended to the west bank of the Rhine River;
Germany surrendered all of its overseas colonies in
Africa & the Pacific
_____________
_____________
Limits set on the size of the German Army; Germany
prohibited from importing or manufacturing weapons or
war material & forbidden to build or buy submarines or
have an air force
_____________
_____________
Sole responsibility for the war placed on Germany’s
shoulders; Germany is forced to pay the Allies $33 billion
in reparations over 30 years
New Nations
•______________________________
•______________________________
•______________________________
•______________________________
•______________________________
•______________________________
•______________________________
•______________________________
•______________________________
Peace Built on Quicksand
•Treaty of Versailles left a legacy of bitterness & hatred in the hearts of
_______________________
•Japan & Italy felt they were treated ___________________
•Countries taken over by the allies felt their desire for independence was
disregarded
Legacy of WWI
 __________________________ dead
 __________________________ wounded
 Countless number of civilians died from starvation, disease & slaughter
 Cost: _________________________
 Immediate impact: helped to ignite the _________________________
Russian Revolution
•__________________– Vladimir Ilyich Lenin seized power & offers
Germany a truce
•March 1918 – Treaty of _____________________ is signed; it required
Russia surrender lands that now include Finland, Poland, Ukraine, Estonia,
Latvia & Lithuania to Germany
What happened to ignite a full scale revolution?
Czar’s Policies (Alexander III & Nicholas II)
 ___________________________ policies (Czar had absolute
authority), harsh measures ( ___________________, exile of “political
enemies”, ________________, & resistance to change.) Czar’s refused
to recognize the need for change & give up any power.
Industry & Economic Growth
 Grueling work conditions, miserably _________________, child labor,
low standard of living, lack of political power & enormous gap between
_________ & ___________ all let to civil unrest & strife.
Russo-Japanese War: 1904
 Russia’s losses sparked unrest at home, revealed the Czar’s
________________________ & led to a revolt in the middle of the
war.
Bloody Sunday
 Provoked a wave of strikes & violence across the country & forced Czar
____________________ to promise more freedom & create the
____________, Russia’s 1st Parliament.
WWI
 Revealed weaknesses of Czarist rule & military leadership; destroyed the
morale of Russian _______________, who mutinied , deserted & ignored
orders.
March Revolution
 Forces the Czar, Nicholas II, to abdicate his throne, allowed the Duma to
set up a ______________________ government.
Rasputin
•Sinister Monk who helped Alexi, the Czar’s son
•Killed by _____________________family
•His prediction “If I die or you desert me, in 6 months you will lose your son
& your throne”
Bolsheviks Gain Power
November 1917
Revolution
________________
________________
Russia Organized into
Republics
Toppled the provisional
government & gave
power to the
_________________
Caused millions of
deaths from fighting
& famine; showed
that Bolsheviks were
able both to seize
power & maintain it;
crushed Bolshevik
opposition
Centralized power &
________________
the country
Players in the Russian Revolution
_________________
Marx’s ideas formed the
basis of the
revolutionary movement
__________________
Led the Bolshevik
revolution & restored
peace & order
__________________
Helped negotiate Treaty
of Brest-Litovsk &
commanded Red Army
during civil war
Stalin’s Totalitarian State
•Began his career in ______________
•By 1928 he had total command of the Communist Party & forced Trotsky
into exile in 1929 & built a ______________________ state
Key Traits
Description
(pg. 396)
Dictatorship & one Exercises ________________ authority & dominates the
Party Rule
government
____________
Leader
Helps unite people toward meeting shared goals or realizing a
common vision; encourages people to devote their
unconditional loyalty & uncritical support to the regime &
becomes a symbol of the government
Ideology (set of
beliefs)
_________________government actions &
_________________ the aims of the state
State control of
_______sectors
Business (command economy), labor, housing, education,
family life, youth groups, religion & the arts
State control of
the individual
Demands ____________ obedience to authority & personal
sacrifice for the good of the state & denies basic liberties
Dependence on
modern tech
Relies on mass communication (radios, newsreels &
loudspeakers) to spread ___________________
_______________ Uses force (police terror) to crush all opposition & targets
_______________ certain groups as enemies
Industrial Policies
 Initiated the __________________ Plan to promote industrial growth
& limited production of consumer goods
Agricultural Policies
 Established ________________________ & eliminated wealthy
peasants
Art/Religion
 Introduced ___________________________ as a vehicle to rally
workers
 Controlled the media & _________________ all forms of creativity
 Replaced __________________ teachings with Communist ideals
Education
 Expanded & controlled education at all levels & opened educational
opportunities to ________________
Control Methods
 Used __________________ & violent tactics to crush opposition &
launched the _______________________
Propaganda Methods
 Used indoctrination & ___________ to glorify the Communist state &
created state-supported youth groups to train future leaders
Leftovers
•Russia is now communist: How does this pose a problem for the
U.S.?_____________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
•David Lloyd George predicted that fighting would resume in Europe in 2
decades. Was he correct? Why do you think he made that comment?
What aspects of WWI led to WWII? ____________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________