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Name_____________________________________________________ Date________ Period_______ Honors Living Environment Unit 10 (Evolution) Study Outline This handout will serve as a resource to help guide you in studying for the Unit 10 Test. We encourage that you find a study method that works best for you. Use this page as a reference as you review class notes, handouts, quizzes, Castle Learning assignments, etc. In addition, there are excellent resources on the internet that you can use for supplemental review and reinforcement. Visit our teacher webpages for some suggestions on internet sources. As always, come to extra help and to our review sessions if you have any questions. Best of luck! Evolution A. Evidence of Evolution Fossil Record i. Geologic Time ii. Transitional Fossils Comparative Anatomy i. Homologous Structures ii. Analogous Structures iii. Vestigial Structures Comparative Biochemistry/Molecular Biology Comparative Embryology Biogeography i. Pangea ii. Continental Drift B. Lamarck vs. Darwin Lamarck’s Theory i. Principle of Use and Disuse ii. Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics Darwin’s Theory i. Work on the Galapagos Islands ii. “On the Origin of Species: iii. Natural Selection Factors Necessary for Natural Selection i. Population Name_____________________________________________________ Date________ Period_______ Honors Living Environment ii. iii. iv. v. vi. Variation in Populations (mutations, Meiosis, Sexual Reproduction) Differences in Reproductive Success Overproduction Survival of the Fittest Environmental Change C. Examples of Natural Selection Peppered Moth Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria D. Types of Natural Selection Stabilizing selection Diversifying/disruptive selection Direction selection E. Population genetics Key Terms i. Population ii. Gene pool iii. Allele frequency iv. Microevolution vs. macroevolution Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium i. p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1, p + q = 1 ii. gene pool remains same from generation to generation Conditions Necessary to Maintain Hard-Weinberg Equilibrium i. large populations ii. no genetic drift iii. no migration/emigration (gene flow) iv. No mutations v. Random Mating vi. No Natural Selection Variations in Populations i. Mutations ii. Genetic Drift (Bottleneck Effect & Founder Effect) iii. Gene Flow Name_____________________________________________________ Date________ Period_______ Honors Living Environment F. Factors that Lead to Speciation Isolation i. Geographic Isolation ii. Polyploidy iii. Habitat Isolation iv. Behavioral Isolation v. Temporal Isolation vi. Reproductive Isolation G. Patterns of Evolution Divergent Evolution Convergent Evolution Parallel Evolution Coevolution Adaptive Radiation H. Patterns of Change Gradualism vs. Punctuated Equilibrium I. Early Earth How Life Began i. Conditions of Early Earth ii. Formation of Organic Compounds (Stanley Miller Experiment) iii. Formation of Organic Polymers iv. RNA as the First Genetic Material v. Formation of Pre-Cells Heterotrophic Hypothesis i. Anaerobic Heterotrophic Prokaryotes ii. Autotrophic Prokaryotes iii. Endosymbiosis & Origin of Eukaryotes Classification of Living Things A. Taxonomy Three-Domain System i. Domain Bacteria ii. Domain Archaea iii. Domain Eukarya Name_____________________________________________________ Date________ Period_______ Honors Living Environment Four Kingdoms of Eukarya i. Kingdom Protista ii. Kingdom Fungi iii. Kingdom Plantae iv. Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Classification System i. Kingdom Monera ii. Kingdom Protista iii. Kingdom Fungi iv. Kingdom Plantae v. Kingdom Animalia Classification Levels i. Domain ii. Kingdom iii. Phylum iv. Class v. Order vi. Family vii. Genus viii. Species B. Animal Diversity Nine Common Animal Phyla i. Porifera ii. Cnidarians iii. Platyhelminthes iv. Nematodes v. Annelids vi. Mollusks vii. Arthropods viii. Echinoderms ix. Chordates C. Chordate Classes Fish i. Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fish) ii. Osteichthyes (Bony Fish) Name_____________________________________________________ Date________ Period_______ Honors Living Environment Amphibians Reptiles Aves (Birds) Mammals i. Monotremes ii. Marsupials iii. Placental mammals Order i. Primates Family i. Hominids Modern Humans i. Homo sapiens D. Evolutionary Trends Specialized Cells, Tissues, & Organs i. Cell ii. Tissue iii. Organ Germ Layers i. Ectoderm ii. Endoderm iii. Mesoderm Radial Symmetry vs. Bilateral Symmetry Cephalization Coelom i. Acoelomate ii. Pseudocoelomate iii. Coelomate (protosome & deuterostomes) Name_____________________________________________________ Date________ Period_______ Honors Living Environment **Please Note: Not ALL information on this outline will be assessed on your Unit exam. Additional topics outlined on this study worksheet include information required for the SAT Subject Test. You are only required to know information presented in class for this assessment***