Download General Characteristics

ANIMAL KINGDOM
General characteristics:
Eukaryotes
Multicellular
Heterotrophic
Motile (able to move) at some point in their life cycle;
may be sessile at other stages
Use oxygen to release energy from food;
Cells are differentiated by purpose
A body plan
aerobic
Most animals have:
Sexual reproduction ( as an option)
hermaphrodites – have functional male & female sex
organs
separate sexes – male or female
internal or external fertilization
internal or external development of embryo
Some type of nervous system
Nerve net – simplest ;Ganglia – network of cells;
 brain - organ
Some type of support system
Exoskeleton – outside; endoskeleton- inside
Hydrostatic – muscles filled with water
Body Plans: there are different types of
shapes associated with animal bodies
3 Main body plans (symmetry)
Asymmetrical Body doesn’t have any regular
geometric pattern; difficult to distinguish top &
bottom; left & right
Ex. sponge
Radial Symmetry body parts come out 360
degrees from a central point; body plan has
a definite top (dorsal) and bottom (ventral)but
no left or right
Ex. Sea star, sea anemone, jellyfish
Bilateral symmetry body parts are
arranged like a mirror image so that there
is a top or back side (dorsal) a bottom or
belly side (ventral); a left and right side; a
head region or anterior and a tail or rear
area (posterior).
Ex. Planarian, humans
Classification
Invertebrates
– no backbone or internal skeleton
Phyla
porifera
platyhelminthes
molluska
nematoda
arthropoda
cnidaria
annelida
echinodermata
Phylum Porifera (Pore bearers)
Common name: Sponges
General Characteristics:
movement –movement as larvae; sessile as adult
symmetry –asymmetrical ( no definite pattern)
no differentiated tissues but there are differentiated cells:
collar cells and ameobocytes
Obtaining food and removing wastes
Sponges are filter feeders - Water with
food particles flows in through the small pores
of the body into the central cavity. Food is
passed into the tissues by amebocytes where
it is absorbed by the cells. Waste is then
passed out along the same pathway and
leaves with the water as it passes out the
osculum.
Reproduction
Asexual
Budding - a collection of cells forms off the main body eventually
developing into a new organism that separates from the original
organism
Regeneration - allows new organisms to develop from pieces of the
old organisms
Sexual
Hermaphrodite – an organism that contains structures to make both
eggs and sperm. Common in sessile organisms.
Process:
1) Sperm and eggs are developed by each sponge, then sperm are
released into the water flow through the body cavity and out the
osculum.
2) The sperm then combine with eggs from other sponges via
amebocytes. Sperm & egg combine to form zygote which develops
flagellum and swims away.
Phylum Cnidaria (stinging cells)
Examples: jellyfish, hydra, coral, Portuguese Man-o-war, sea
anemone
General Characteristics: Radial symmetry ; tissues; primitive
systems
Body Plan:
Medussa bell shaped, mouth down form
Polyp cylindrical, mouth up form
Tentacles long flowing appendages
that contain stinging cells
Nematocyst ( cnidocytes)stinging cells
Digestive cavity (coelom) digestive
cavity
Worms: 3 phyla
Flatworms (Simplest)
ex. Tape worms, flukes, planarian
parasite
parasite
free living
Round worms (many parasites)
ex.
Hook worms, Ascaris, pin
worms, heart worms
Segmented Worms
complex)
(Most
ex. Earth worms, leeches, sea worms
Mollusks – Phylum Mollusca
General
Characteristics:
Soft bodies- 3 main parts
• Mantle – soft outer
tissue layer
•Foot – structure used for
moving or attachment
• visceral mass- area that
contains most of the
internal organs (heart,
digestive, respiratory,
sexual)
4 most common classes of mollusks:
Chitons - most primitive
herbivores eat with radula
Gastropods(stomach foot)
or univalves(one shell)
Herbivores eat with radula
ex. Snails, conches,
whelks, slugs,
nudibranchs
Bivalves – 2 shells on a
hinge
Ex. Clams, oysters,
scallops, mussels
Filter feeders
Cephalopods (head
foot); carnivores
Ex. Octopus, squid,
cuttlefish, nautilus
Most developed
Phylum name Arthropoda ( segmented feet)
General Characteristics:
1) Body arrangement – body arranged with 3 sections: head, thorax
(middle), abdomen
2)Skeleton –exoskeleton made of chitin; very strong; in order to grow must
molt old exoskeleton
3)Appendages multiple appendages (legs, antennae, mouth parts, swimming
paddles)
4)Muscles well developed muscular system; muscles attached to exoskeleton
5) Nervous system with nerve cord and brain
Senses: eyes to see images some sense of smell
6) Circulatory- open circulatory system; blood not in vessels
Respiratory 8)
aquatic = gills, terrestrial = tracheal tubes; book lungs
Main groups
Crustaceans, Arachnida, Myriapods & Insects
Crustaceans - subphyla crustacea
Examples:
crabs, lobsters, shrimp, crayfish, pill bugs (roly-poly),
barnacles copepods, lice, daphnia
Habitat:
aquatic except for pill bugs, lice, and a few species of crab
Body regions - Large cephalothorax = head and thorax fused (carapace)
and abdomen
Appendages - 26 ; which include antennae, mouthparts, claws, walking
legs, swimmerets, and tail region
Sub phylum Chelicerata-
examples: horseshoe crabs spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks
Body regions: sm. cephalothorax, large abdomen
Habitat: most are terrestrial (land) some marine (horseshoe crabs)
Appendages:
chelicerae
6 pr of appendages: 4 Walking legs, 1 pr pedipalps, 1 pr
Type of eyes:simple eyes ; No antennae
Spinnerets - produce silk to form webs ( not present in all spiders)
Subphylum Uniramia
Classes:Centipedes,Millipedes, and Insects
Centipedes (hundred legs) have 1 pair of legs / segment; long legs;
carnivores; may have venom in fang-like claws
Millipedes
legs;
(thousand feet) have 2 pair of legs / segment; short
herbivores
Habitat:
Terrestrial
Body regions:
Many equal sized segments
Insects
Examples:
grasshoppers, ants, bees, beetles, mosquitoes, moths,
butterflies, fleas, ladybugs
Habitat: Found almost every where in the world except deep ocean
Body Regions: head, thorax, and abdomen
Appendages: antennae, mouth parts, 3 pairs of walking legs on thorax
Compound eyes and tympanic membrane (see & hear)
Classified by:
types of appendages and mouth parts
Development:
Incomplete Metamorphosis
12% of insects
Egg  nymph  adult
Complete Metamorphosis
88% of insects
Egg  larva  pupa  adult
Interesting Aspects of Insects:
Disease many insects are vectors or carriers of microorganisms
that cause disease in humans
Social Insects ex. Bees, ants, termites; hierarchy structure –
queen, drones, workers
Camouflage, Mimicry, and Warning coloration insects may
evolve to look like plant parts, look like poisonous insects, or
advertise their danger with bright colors (yellow, orange, black)
Phylum – Echinoderms
General Characteristics:
Marine environment (shoreline
or deep water)
Radial symmetry
Spiny Skin
Water vascular system
Endoskeleton (calcium plates )
carnivores
Vertebrates – animals with a backbone or internal
skeleton
Phylum –
Chordata
Classes:
Agnatha
Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes
Amphibia
Reptilia
Aves
Mammalia
Phylum chordata – all have a nerve chord, notochord,
gill slits or pouches, and a post-anal tail. Notochord may
develop into vertebrae, gill pouches develop into gills or
lungs
All vertebrates have:
•Endoskeleton (allows for larger body)
•Axial skeleton = skull, ribcage, vertebrae
•Appendicular skeleton = all other bones including appendage
bones
•Nervous system with brain
•Closed circulatory system + chambered heart
•Bilateral symmetry;
•complete digestive system mouth  anus
Cold-blooded vertebrates
(Ectothermic – body temperature is same as environment)
Fish
Agnatha (Jawless Fish) ex. Hagfish and lamprey
Characteristics: no jaw, paired fins or bone; eel-like
body; no vertebrae
Chondrichthyes – Cartilagenous fish
Ex. Sharks, skates, and rays
Characteristics: calcified cartilage jaw, paired
fins, scales, backbone made of cartilage
Osteichthyes - Bony fish
Ex. Ray-finned fish, lobe-finned fish such as
Salmon, grouper, bass, tuna etc.
Characteristics: Jaws, paired fins, bone skeleton,
outer covering of scales
Amphibia ex. Frogs, toads, salamanders, sirens, newts,
mud puppies, caecilians (legless)
Characteristics: most have 4 appendages (tetrapods);
have an aquatic larval (tadpole) and terrestrial (adult)
stages of life cycle; moist, permeable skin; external
fertilization; egg have no exterior membrane or shell
Reptiles Ex. Snakes, lizards, turtles, tortoises,
alligators, crocodiles, caimans, gavials
Characteristics:
Scaly water-tight skin with keratin covering (avoids
dehydration)
Amniotic egg with leathery shell to survive on land
Clawed appendages if present
General Characteristics:
•Feathers – composed of keratin
•Wings – forelimbs are modified into wings and covered in feathers
•Lightweight skeleton- fused bone structure with hollow air-filled
bones
•Endothermic metabolism – warmblooded; fast, efficient metabolism to
provide energy needed for flight
•Respiratory system has additional air sacs besides lungs
•Beak with different modifications based on food source
•Oviparity – lay amniotic eggs that incubate by parents and develop in
to environment
Evolutionary History &Adaptations
History
Birds have biochemical similarities and homologous
structures that are like reptiles
Scientists believe that birds evolved from dinosaurs
Fossil evidence trace evolution from dinosaurs 
caudipteryx  archaeopteryx  birds
Adaptations
•Feathers – modified scales; same composition (keratin)
•Hollow, fused skeleton - lightweight & very strong
•Muscles and skin – large pectoral and chest muscles for
flying
•Lungs + air sacs receive increased oxygen and take in O2
when breathing in & out
Flight
feathers insulate, protect, and provide a smooth, low
friction surface
Down – insulation
Contour - flying surface and protection from weather;
may be water resistant if preened
Reproduction
Internal fertilization; amniotic egg with calcified hard shell
for protection; must be incubated
Digestion
Have a complete digestive system
Mouth  esophagus  crop  gizzard  intestines
Aves - Birds
Mammals
•General Characteristics:
•Endothermic
•Body hair made of keratin
•Specialized teeth
•Viviparous – bear live young
•Well developed brain
•Diaphragm to aid in breathing
•Mammary glands produce milk to feed young
3 groups of mammals
Monotremes (first to evolve)
Characteristics: egg layers; difficulty in controlling body
temperature; all found in Australia
Ex.
duck-billed platypus; echidna
Marsupials (pouched animals)
Give birth to immature young that continue to
develop in mother’s pouch Many found in Australia
Ex. possums, koalas, kangaroos, wallaby
Placental mammals ( 95% of all mammals)
Characteristics:
Carry unborn young in a uterus until young
develop enough to survive on their own;
unborn young are nourished by placenta;
gestation – the time necessary for young
to reach full development before birth
(varies by species)
Ex. rodents, bats, rabbits, dolphins,
whales, bears, manatees, cows, sheep,
pigs, horses, lions, elephants, monkeys,
etc. … and humans