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From Comfort to Discontent A change in the relationship between Great Britain and its American Colonies In the 1700s, Great Britain was comprised on England, Wales, and Scotland. Today, Northern Ireland is also part the UK, or United Kingdom (in 1800 all of Ireland was part of it; all but the north wanted & won independence) 1619 (or so) Promises of cheap land and religious & political freedom attract settlers to America. – Southern colonies = financial profit. – New England colonies = religious freedoms – Middle Colonies= some religious, some financial – Idealism (the perfect society!!) Examples: Pennsylvania: William Penn wanted people to be “as free and happy as can be.” Georgia: James Oglethorpe was saddened by the men and women rotting in England’s prisons for doing nothing more than being in debt-- he founded GA as a refuge A Tiny Little Bit of Control…. During these early years of settlement England largely ignored its colonies. When Charles II became King in 1660 he insisted that “distance of place” should not remove the colonies from “justice and power.” Thus, we have the…. Navigation Acts of 1660: more control!! Under the Nav. Acts, colonists could export primary crops only to England or other English colonies. Under the Nav. Acts, colonists had to import all manufactured goods from only England (and all goods flowing in and out had to carried on English ships!!!) Self Sufficient Empire!!! Colonial Reactions to the Nav. Acts: For the most part, cool with it and even thrived-- they had a guaranteed market for their stuff… – Southern colonies shipped tobacco, rice and indigo directly to England for sale. – Middle colonies sent grains to English sugar plantations in West Indies to feed slaves. New England colonies however… – Thin soil meant no crops for export. – NE colonies had a lot of the stuff that England had… – Wealth was based on fishing, shipbuilding and trade-now that trade was considered illegal if it wasn’t from England. – Ironically, smuggling goods became a respected profession amongst the descendants of Puritans. A typical view of the England/Colonist relationship by 1750: Most colonists looked at royal instructions as little more than guidelines set down by the crown for governors in the colonies. More on a typical colonial view of the relationship by 1750… Our governor is a political hack and no good. He is more fit for an insane asylum or other hospital, than to be set over a respectable colony. We will simply control how much money he makes and the fool will do as we please! North American land Claims, 1753 By 1750, the rivalry between the British and the French was intense. The focus of tension: The Ohio River Valley -- it was LUSH and both sides thought it essential to their colonial expansion (French troops were building forts on what Brits thought was their territory) The French and Indian War George Washington and 150 Virginia militiamen crossed the Appalachian Mountains to warn the French that they were building forts on land “known to be the property of the Crown of Great Britain.” The French said bug off. One Year Later: Washington and his men return to the Ohio River Valley with 150 Virginia militiamen WA + men defeated a small French force….they then found themselves surrounded by 600 French troops WA + men threw together a log stockade aptly named “Fort Necessity” WA + men held their ground for 10 hours before surrendering (lost over 100 men!) The Native Americans, who watched this conflict with great interest, side with the winners…the French 1755, things begin to go badly for British British Guy French Guy More F&I War: In 1755, British General Braddock and 800 troops join Washington with his 600 militiamen to drive the French from the Ohio River Valley. 2/3 of the British force was lost in this wilderness slaughter (Native Americans helped the French by hiding in the woods and picking off the red-coated Brits!) And then in 1759, things go better for the British British Guy French Guy The tide turned….. This took place when British troops invaded the city of Quebec (see photo in next slide). British troops were able to sneak up the cliff side in the dark and attack the French the following morning. Quebec fell to the British and was just one of many victories in the year 1759. The Treaty of Paris, 1763 Officially ended the French & Indian War – French are kicked out of N. America – France gave Canada to Britain, as well as the Mississippi River Valley (Louisiana). – Spain gets everything West of the Mississippi River (France gave all its western lands to Spain to keep the British out --Spain gave up Florida to get the lands). The sun never sets on the British Empire (the British emerged from the war as the most powerful nation in the world!) North American land claims, 1763 Cost of Victory to Colonists With victory came new problems: How to keep peace with Natives in Ohio River Valley????? Native Unrest in Ohio River valley – 1763, an Ottawa chief named Pontiac organized an attack on the British fort of Detroit. – The Delawares, Shawnees, and Senecas captured other outposts. – Attacked backcountry settlements in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, killing about 2,000 colonists. Britain issues a proclamation that no settlers will cross the Appalachians and makes the Ohio River Valley an Indian reservation. The Proclamation of 1763 Angered Colonists – Land-hungry settlers had no where to go. – Land speculators with investments on the other side of the app. mtns. feared their land worthless– it was now essentially an Indian Reservation – Veterans and supporters of the French and Indian war felt that their efforts were useless. The fruits of victory were denied…so many disobeyed and settled there anyway! King George III How do I keep my peeps from disobeying the Proclamation of 1763??? Your ideas??? Fallout of the F & I War 10,000 British troops to be stationed in the colonies (to enforce Proc. of 1763) £ 140,000,000 debt incurred from war, half from defending the colonies. Had to figure out a way to pay for war and troops… – The assemblies of the colonies, even during the war, were reluctant to vote money for war supplies or raise troops. – Some other way would have to be found….wait for it… The colonists perspective of all this… Didn’t feel they should have to pay for war Questioned the use of troops – Why were they needed now with the French gone? – Parents worried that children would pick up bad habits of “rakes and wastrels” of the British army. – Some colonists believed troops were there to force unpopular acts of Parliament on them (ummm, they were). – Worried they would have to pay to support the troops (and the war!)….and they did….in TWO WAYS: How were the colonists forced to help pay for war costs and troops? 1.THE SUGAR ACT OF 1764: taxed imported sugar and molasses; $ goes to England 2. QUARTERING ACT OF 1765: The troops sent to enforce the Proclamation of 1763 would now be supported by the colonists; the act forced colonies to provide for the basic needs of all soldiers living within its borders (bedding, cooking utensils, firewood, beer, candles, and housing!) 3. THE STAMP ACT OF 1765: When the colonists FREAKED about the Sugar Act (they organized and boycotted!), this was put in place instead. It required them to pay for a stamp or seal whenever they bought paper items. If you refuse to pay, you are fined or jailed. Sooooooooooo… Things are heating up between Colonists and Mother E.!