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HELLENISTIC AGE I. SETTING A. INTRODUCTION 1. CONDITION OF GREECE a. SEVERELY WEAKENED GREEK CITY STATES b. DECLINE OF MILITARY & ECONOMIC POWER …INTRO 2. PHILIP’S GOALS a. TAKE CONTROL OF GREECE b. CONQUER PERSIAN EMPIRE II. MACEDONIAN POWER A. MACEDONIAN CULTURE 1. GEOGRAPHY a.) ROUGH TERRAIN (MOUNTAINOUS) b.) COLD CLIMATE …POWER 2. CULTURE a.) SMALL MOUNTAIN VILLAGES b.) SPOKE FORM OF GREEK …POWER B. PHILIP’S ARMY 1.) CREATED PROFESSIONAL ARMY 2.) USED PHALANX & CAVALRY …POWER C. CONQUEST OF GREECE 1. DEFEAT a.) GREEKS FORMED ALLIANCE TO LATE b.) DEFEATED @ CHAERONEA …POWER c.) ENDED GREEK INDEPENDENCE d.) GREEKS RETAINED LOCAL SELFGOVERNMENT …POWER 2. PHILIP’S DEATH a.) ASSASSINATED AT WEDDING b.) ALEXANDER BECAME KING II. ALEXANDER DEFEATS PERSIA A. INTRODUCTION 1. KING AT 20 2. TAUGHT BY ARISTOTLE …DEFEAT 3. REBELLION a.) DESTROYED THEBES AFTER REBELLION b.) SOLD CAPTIVES INTO SLAVERY c.) ENDED GREEK REBELLION B. INVASION OF PERSIA 1. GRANICUS a.) CROSSED HELLESPONT (DARDANELLES) WITH 35,000 b.) VICTORY USING CAVALRY …INVASION 2. ISSUS a.) BROKE THROUGH LINES b.) ATTEMPTED TO CAPTURE DARIUS III c.) PERSIANS FLED C. CONQUERING PERSIA 1. EGYPT a. PERSIANS OFFERED TREATY b. ALEXANDER REFUSED / MARCHED ON EGYPT …CONQUERING c. BECAME PHARAOH d. BUILT CITY OF ALEXANDRIA …CONQUERING 2. MESOPOTAMIA a. DEFEATED PERSIAN ARMY AT GAUGAMELA b. CAPTURED CITIES OF BABYLON, SUSA, & PERSEPOLIS (CAPITALS) …CONQUERING c. DISTRIBUTED WEALTH AMONG ARMY d. PERSIAN CAPITOL DESTROYED III. OTHER CONQUESTS A. INTRODUCTION 1. PURSUED DARIUS III (FOUND MURDERED) 2. CONQUERED CENTRAL ASIA IN 3 YEARS B. ALEXANDER IN INDIA 1. ENTERED THE INDUS VALLEY 2. FOUGHT & DEFEATED INDIAN ARMY 3. TROOPS WANTED TO RETURN HOME …INDIA 4. EMPIRE EXTENDED FROM THE BALKAN PENINSULA TO THE INDUS RIVER VALLEY …INDIA 5. UNIFYING THE EMPIRE a.) PLANNED TO BUILD CITIES, ROADS, HARBORS b.) DIED AT 33 (MALARIA) C. ALEXANDER’S LEGACY 1. DIVISION OF EMPIRE a.) ANTIGONUS - KING OF MACEDONIA & GREEK CITY-STATES …LEGACY b.) PTOLEMY - PHARAOH OF EGYPT c.) SELEUCUS - MOST OF THE OLD PERSIAN EMPIRE …LEGACY d.) ALEXANDER PROMOTES CULTURAL DIFFUSION (HELLENISTIC AGE) 1.) ENDED GREEK INDEPENDENCE …LEGACY 2.) ALEXANDER ADOPTED PERSIAN DRESS & CUSTOMS 3.) MARRIED PERSIAN WOMEN …LEGACY 4.) INCLUDED CONQUERED PEOPLES IN GOVERNMENT & ARMY 5.) HELLENISTIC CULTURE EMERGED - MIX OF GREEK & EASTERN (PERSIAN) CULTURE IV. SPREAD OF HELLENISTIC CULTURE A. SETTING 1. BUILT CITIES 2. BECAME GREEK CULTURAL CENTERS 3. LINKED BY TRADE, CULTURE & LANGUAGE V. HELLENISTIC CULTURE IN ALEXANDRIA A. INTRODUCTION 1. HELLENISTIC - BLEND OF GREEK, EGYPTIAN, PERSIAN, & INDIAN CULTURES (ORIENTAL) …CULTURE 2. KOINE a.) GREEK DIALECT b.) ALLOWED FOR COMMUNICATION THROUGHOUT EMPIRE B. TRADE & CULTURAL DIVERSITY 1. ALEXANDRIA a.) BECAME CENTER OF HELLENISTIC COMMERCE (TRADE) & CULTURE b.) LOCATED ON NILE DELTA …DIVERSITY c.) BECAME CENTER OF TRADE (COMMERCE) FOR EMPIRE d.) 1/2 MILLION PEOPLE OF DIFFERENT CULTURES e.) GREEKS FORMED UPPER CLASS …DIVERSITY 2. ATTRACTIONS a.) ROADS & STATUES b.) PHAROS - STONE LIGHT HOUSE …DIVERSITY C. MUSEUM - TEMPLE TO THE MUSES (GODDESS OF ART & SCIENCE 1.) ART GALLERY 2.) ZOO 3.) BOTANICAL GARDENS 4.) DINING HALL 5.) INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED STUDY …DIVERSITY d.) LIBRARY 1.) 1/2 MILLION SCROLLS 2.) FIRST RESEARCH LIBRARY VI. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A. ASTRONOMY 1. THREE CONCLUSIONS a.) SUN LARGER THAN EARTH b.) EARTH REVOLVED AROUND THE SUN …ASTRONOMY c.) ROUGHLY CALCULATED CIRCUMFERENCE OF EARTH (WITHIN 3000 MILES) B. MATHEMATICS 1. EUCLID a.) SCHOOL OF GEOMETRY IN ALEXANDRIA b.) WROTE “ELEMENTS” …MATH c.) USED AS FOUNDATION FOR MODERN GEOMETRY COURSES …MATH 2. ARCHIMEDES a.) ESTIMATED VALUE OF PI b.) DEFENDED SYRACUSE USING THE PRINCIPLES OF THE OF THE LEVER & THE COMPOUND PULLEY …MATH C. ARCHIMEDES SCREW 1.) DEVICE USED TO LIFT WATER COMPOUND PULLEY …MATH 3. PYTHAGORAS a.) EXPLAINED EVERYTHING IN MATHEMATICAL TERMS b.) EXPLORED NATURE OF NUMBERS (ALGEBRA) …MATH C). RELATIONSHIP OF THE SIDES OF A TRIANGLE d.) WORLD WAS ROUND AND REVOLVED AROUND A FIXED POINT VII. PHILOSOPHY & ART A. THREE PHILOSOPHIES 1. CYNICISM a.) FOCUSED ON ACHIEVING PEACE OF MIND 1.) GIVE UP LUXURY 2.) LIVE IN ACCORD WITH NATURE 3.) NOTHING TO EXCESS …PHILOSOPHY 2. STOICISM a.) LIFE WAS GOVERNED BY NATURAL LAW b.) LIVE IN HARMONY WITH NATURE c.) CONTROL DESIRE THROUGH LOGIC & REASON …PHILOSOPHY 3. EPICUREANISM a.) UNIVERSE COMPOSED OF ATOMS AND RULED BY GODS b.) ONLY REAL OBJECTS THOSE PERCEIVED BY SENSES …EPICUREANISM c.) ACHIEVE HARMONY OF BODY & MIND d.) MODERATION IN ALL THINGS (LIVE SIMPLE LIFE) B. REALISM IN SCULPTURE 1. WEALTHY & CITY STATES BOUGHT STATUES 2. MOVED FROM IDEALIZED FORMS 2. BECAME MORE NATURAL, REALISTIC, & EMOTIONAL VIII. HISTORY A. HERODOTUS (FATHER OF HISTORY) 1. FIRST TO SEPARATE FACT FROM FICTION 2. “WROTE “HISTORIA” (THE HISTORIES) a.) ABOUT PERSIAN WARS b.) RESEARCHED IN BOTH GREECE & PERSIA …HERODOTUS C.) ACCURATE & IMPARTIAL d.) CHECKED RELIABILITY OF SOURCES …HERODOTUS e.) OFFERED SUPERNATURAL EXPLANATION OF EVENTS (GODS) f.) WROTE ABOUT INDIVIDUALS & CUSTOMS B. THUCYDIDES (HISTORY) 1. ABOUT PELOPONNESIAN WARS a.) OFFERED REASONS FOR EVENTS b.) REJECTED GODS AS CAUSES …THUCYDIDES c.) ACCURATE & IMPARTIAL AS POSSIBLE d.) VISITED BATTLE SITES & EXAMINED DOCUMENTS e.) USED ONLY EYEWITNESS ACCOUNTS IX. MEDICINE A. HIPPOCRATES 1. “FATHER OF MEDICINE” a.) BELIEVED DISEASE HAD NATURAL CAUSES b.) BODY COULD HEAL ITSELF …HIPPOCRATES c.) ADVOCATED PROPER HYGIENE, DIET, & REST d.) CODE OF CONDUCT FOR DOCTORS “HIPPOCRATIC OATH” ...OATH the instruction. I will prescribe regimen for the good of my patients according to my ability and my judgment and never do harm to anyone. To please no one will I prescribe a deadly drug, nor give advice which may cause his death. Figure 1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. MACEDONIA TIGRIS & EUPHRATES INDUS VALLEY ALEXANDRIA MEDITERRANEAN AEGEAN SEA BLACK SEA