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Adolescence Adolescence • Stage between childhood & adulthood • Several changes occur! • Initiation rites: – Birthday milestones – Bar mitzvahs & bat mitzvahs – Graduation – weddings G. Stanley Hall • 1904 • Adolescence is a transitional period • Time of “great storm and stress” Margaret Mead • Enjoyable time of life • Storm and stress happens in industrial societies • Culture plays an important role 1998 study on adolescence: 15% 20% 65% Serious Difficulties Sporatic Problems Healthy Development Robert Havighurst Challenges of Developmental Tasks Accept physical body Develop relationships with peers Emotional independence Economic independence Deciding on a career path Develop cognitive skills for social competence Understand socially acceptable behavior Preparation for marriage & family Acquire appropriate values Physical Adjustment: • Puberty: sexual maturation • Average age to begin puberty: – girls 8 – 10 – boys 9 – 16 • hormones trigger internal and external changes • growth spurt • Asynchrony - uneven growth or maturation of body parts Reactions to Growth: • Many self-conscious with early or late develop • Most say they don’t like physical appearance • Differences in growth affect their personalities – – – – Boys who mature early – BOOST in self-confidence Boys who mature late – withdrawn or rebellious Girls who mature early – embarrassment or bossy Girls who mature late –get along better w/ peers • Behaviors can be psychological self-fulfilling prophecy Sexual Development: • Sexual behavior has increased in US over the past 30 years – More STDS – More teenage pregnancies • 1997 study – 1 million adolescent pregnancies – Abstinence = only safe choice Cognitive Development: • Adult thinking patterns • Can approach life abstractions – ethics, conformity, & phoniness • Introspection • Rationalization • Adolescents reach this stage at different ages • Rate of mental growth • Economic classes Cognitive Development: • Changes: – Thinking patterns – Personality – Social interactions • Adolescents = idealistic • Some think they can save the world • Impatient w/ failures of adult generations Moral Development: • Lawrence Kohlberg • Moral thinking develops in stages • Have to think abstractly to reach higher levels see something from another’s viewpoint • 1 in 10 adolescents show higher levels of moral thinking Erikson’s Theory of Identity Crisis: • Children are aware of what other’s think about them, • Identity Crisis: inner conflict when they intensely worry about their identities – awareness of sexual drives – see future as a reality • Evaluate their past & think about future Look at the following aspects of self to find a way to express self in socially acceptable way. Organizational Needs Abilities Talents Interests Background Culture Peer Demands Slice 8 Identity forms when adolescents resolve issues James Marcia’s View of the Identity Crisis: • Identity Crisis exists in adolescents 4 Categories for sense of identity: 1. Identity moratorium adolescents 2. Identity foreclosure adolescents 3. Identity confused or diffused adolescents 4. Identity achievement adolescents Exploring Identity Issues Not Exploring Identity Issues Decisions already made Identity Achievement Identity Foreclosure Decisions not yet made Identity Moratorium Identity Diffusion Social Learning Theory: • Individuals develop from contact with others • Crisis only happens in 20% of adolescent boys because of an EXTERNAL cause, not biological • Development is a continuous process Social Development Role of Family • Adolescents are finding new roles • They want to become independent of their families • Can be difficult for parents and adolescents Social Development Role of Peers • • • • They define themselves with their friends How are social groups formed? What makes someone popular? Cliques – group within a group • Sense of belonging & closeness • Way to define yourself • Establish identity • What does a group provide? • Self-confidence • Independence from family • Clarify values • Experiment with new roles. • Conformity: acting in accordance with some specified authority Shaping the Adolescent: • Peers: – Fashion – Music taste – Advise on school related issues • Parents: – – – – Beliefs Standards in marriage Religion Educational plans • Peer groups are NOT a threat to parental authority Difficulty During Adolescence: • Juvenile Delinquency • Teen Depression • Suicide • Anorexia/Bulimia Juvenile Delinquency: • Some psychological difficulties surface through changes • although rare for teenagers rate of mental illness and suicide are increasing • suicide has tripled over the past 50 years • What are some examples of juvenile delinquency? • • • • running away teen pregnancies alcohol/drug abuse underachievement in school • Juveniles Crime Involvement 1997: • 17% of all violent crime arrests • 35% of property crime arrests Teen Depression & Suicide: • Depression Causes: • loss of a loved one through separation • family relocation • Divorce • Death • Lack of communication • Neglected emotional needs • Reactions to Causes: • • • • Grief Guilt Panic anger Teen Depression & Suicide • How depression looks & • Suicide Warning Signs: acts: • change in intensity and • angry frequency of rebellious • rebellious behavior behavior, • Truancy • Withdraw from friends • running away • Excessive self-criticism • drinking, drug use, or sex • Talking about suicide • hyperactive • frantic What do you do for that person? TALK about the problems SEEK professional help Eating Disorders: • Anorexia nervosa: refusing to eat and not maintaining weight • Treatment: encourage weight gain • deal w/ psychological problems • Bulimia nervosa: binge eating followed by purging – vomiting, using laxatives, dieting and fasting to get rid of calories from binge • Treatment: therapy • antidepressant drugs Gender • Gender Identity: one’s physical and biological makeup • age 2 or 3 can label self a boy or a girl • age 5 or 6 know difference between genders (thoughts, expectations & behaviors) • Gender Role: set of behaviors that society considers appropriate for each sex • Vary in different societies • Change over time Gender Stereotypes • Oversimplified or distorted generalization about the characteristics of men and women • What are some stereotypes of how men & women should behave? • men should be rugged • women should be sensitive Gender Differences: • Study: – males are more confident in academic areas (math/science) – women saw themselves as less competent EX: children playing • Aggression: – Females: more verbal aggression – Males: more physical aggression • Males – play fighting, rough play • Females – indirect aggression • • • • Gossip Ignoring Rejecting Avoiding the target Gender Differences Cognitive Abilities • Study: Janet Hyde & Marcia Linn – No measurable difference of verbal skills – No difference in mathematic ability • Study on specific topics & age trends Difference: • males outperform females on problem solving and tests of spatial ability. • Women do better on tracking objects Androgynous: • Combining or blending traditional male and female characteristics • traits desirable for men: ambition, selfreliance, independence, and assertiveness • traits desirable for women: affectionate, gentle, understanding, and sensitive to the needs of others Biological Theory of Gender Difference • Behaviors evolved throughout time: • men got a mate by showing dominance, • women increased chances of raising kids through compassion, warmth, and concern Psychoanalytical Theory of Gender Difference • Gender identity results when the child identifies with the same sex parent • 3 – 5 years old Social Learning Theory of Gender Difference • children learn gender roles through imitation • Parents • Friends • Teachers • Other people respond to behavior through rewards and consequences Cognitive-Developmental Theory of Gender Difference • Children get gender roles through interaction environment & thinking about experiences • they learn standards about behavior • must see self as male or female • Gender schema Change in Gender Roles: • 1960’s – few women looked for a career • 1980’s – most women have careers • - work provides $$$ and a sense of selfworth END Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development • Stage 1: act is right or wrong depending if there is punishment • Stage 2: act is right or wrong depending + o r – consequences for self • Stage 3: judge actions whether it is socially approved or not • Stage 4: judge actions whether it is sanctioned by authority {many people don’t go past stage 4, moral thinking remains rigid} • • • • • Stage 5: concerned w/ whether a law is just or not laws must change as the world changes Stage 6: concerned w/ making fair and just decisions formulate absolute ethical principles moral laws apply to everyone & can’t be broken, & more important than the law James Marcia’s 4 Categories for sense of identity: 1. Identity moratorium adolescents - Seriously thinking about issues, but haven’t made a commitment about any important matter facing them 2. Identity foreclosure adolescents - Commitment made on issues from suggestions of others, not own choice 3. Identity confused or diffused adolescents - Haven’t thought about making a decision about issues, no clear sense of identity 4. Identity achievement adolescents - Consider many possible identities, have freely committed to occupations & other important life matters