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ADOLESCENCE: PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Ages 11 to 18 What is the effect of social relationships on adolescents? HOW DO ADOLESCENTS DEVELOP AN IDENTITY? Erikson Identity vs. role confusion “Who am I” WHAT ARE PROBLEMS DEVELOPING AN IDENTITY? Identity diffusion Don’t know, don’t care Few commitments to goals or values Apathy Foreclosure Premature identity formation Adopting parents’ or society’s roles and values rather than exploring their own Moratorium Postponing identity achievement decisions College may be one way IN WHAT AREAS DO ADOLESCENTS DEVELOP AN IDENTITY? Religious identity Often similar to parents Political identity – Often similar to parents Vocational identity Sometimes similar to parents Adults often change vocations Sexual (Gender) identity Accepting socially approved roles and behavior of their gender Gender identity disorder (Now called “Gender Dysphoria”) Does not identify with their biological sex HOW DO ADOLESCENTS RELATE TO ADULTS? Conflicts with parents Peaks in early adolescence More a sign of attachment rather than distance Distant relationships ignore the other Neglect Can be destructive for teenagers (Even though they want to feel independent) HOW CAN A FAMILY DEVELOP CLOSENESS? Four aspects of closeness Communication Support Do they rely on each other? Connectedness Can both talk openly? Emotional closeness Control How do parents exercise control? Encourage or limit adolescent autonomy HOW CAN A FAMILY DEVELOP CLOSENESS? (CONT.) Parental monitoring Monitoring of peers, friends, websites Positive – When warm, supportive Negative - When overly restrictive and controlling DO YOU REMEMBER? According to Erikson, what is the main goal of adolescence? What happens when identity is not yet achieved? Give an example of each of the three What can build closeness in a family? What is an example of parental monitoring? WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF PEER PRESSURE? Conforming to friends in behavior, dress, and attitudes WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF FRIENDS? Selection Choosing friends with common values and interests E.g. Academics, music, athletics Facilitation Friends encourage behavior similar to the peer group Positive Studying together, church, sports Destructive Skipping school, drinking, drugs HOW DO THEY LEARN ABOUT SEX? Peers Strongly influence sexual behavior Only half U.S. adolescents discuss pregnancy or STD’s before being sexually active Parents Underestimate need for information Wait too long before talking about sex School Preferred by most parents Sex education varies dramatically by nation Abstinence-only programs No significant impact on sexual activity Does education change behavior? Depends more on family, peers, and culture than classes WHAT ABOUT SUICIDE? Suicidal ideas (Ideation) Ideas are common – completed suicides are not Adolescents are less likely to kill themselves than adults are Gender differences More girls attempt suicide than boys Boys are 4 times as successful Methods Males shoot themselves Females use pills and hanging DO YOU REMEMBER? What is the effect of peer pressure? What are the concepts of peer selection and peer facilitation? What most strongly influences adolescent sexual behavior? Which sex is most apt to complete a suicide? Why do you think that is? WHAT ABOUT DRUG USE AND ABUSE? Age Widespread ages 10-25 then decreases Drug use before 18 = best predictor of later drug use 20% of adolescents never use drugs Gender Boys use more drugs more often than girls “If I don’t smoke, I am not a man.” WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF DRUGS? Tobacco Slows down growth Damages heart, lungs, brains, and reproductive systems Dad’s emphysema Alcohol Heavy drinking may permanently impair memory Damaged hippocampus May impair self control Damaged prefrontal cortex Denial of problems Problems get worse WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF DRUGS? Marijuana People who regularly smoke marijuana are more likely to: Drop out of school Become teenage parents Be unemployed Affects: Memory Motivation HOW CAN WE PREVENT DRUG ABUSE? Focus on friends and peers Delay first use First use is social Younger when starting = more likely addiction Massive ad campaigns E.g. Smoking Generational forgetting Each generation forgets what previous generations learned Drug users tend to be more emotional & less reflective Interference with prefrontal cortex DO DRUG SCARE TACTICS WORK? May increase drug use Drugs seem exciting Adolescents recognize exaggeration Show a way to show defiance DO YOU REMEMBER? What ages is drug use most common? What are the effects of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana? What are useful strategies for preventing drug use? What about scare tactics?
