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Evolution Vocabulary and Idea Guide
Evolution
Natural Selection
Charles Darwin
Gradualism
Industrial Melanism ( transient polymorphism)
Permanent Polymorphism
Punctuated Equilibrium
Adaptation
Species
Microevolution
Gene flow
Genetic Drift
Descent with modification
Change in populations over time due to
environmental influences and genetic
differences
A process by which organisms with favorable
traits survive and reproduce at a higher rate the
organisms with less favorable traits:
Genetic variation
Overproduction of offspring
Struggle for survival
Survival of the fittest
English naturalist, published On the Origin of
Species by Means of Natural Selection. Travels to
Galapagos Islands on the HMS Beagle led him to
adopt the view of speciation through natural
selection.
The theory that evolution occurs slowly, but
steadily over long periods of time. (Darwin)
Evolution of the peppered moth. The moth was
originally light in color to blend in with birch
trees in early England. The industrial revolution
caused layers of soot to land on trees giving dark
colored moths better survival odds and changed
the population allele distribution. Once the clean
air act was introduced, the lighter color moths
had better survival statistics.
Sickle cell disease (ss) causes “sickling” of red
blood cells in humans of African descent,
ordinarily a trait that would select against
survival. The sickle cell trait (Ss) has an
advantage in Africa because the protozoan that
causes malaria cannot survive in sickle trait
blood. People with normal blood (SS) have a
greater chance to die from malaria).
The theory that species evolve during short
periods of rapid change and long periods of little
change. Stephen Jay Gould
A hereditary characteristic that helps an
organism survive and reproduce in its
environment
A group of similar organisms that can mate with
each other to produce fertile offspring naturally.
Evolution observable in a single species
Any movement of genes from one population to
another - migration
Basic mechanism of evolutionary change –
maybe be bottleneck ( population size suddenly
reduced through natural disaster) or founder
effect ( small part of population moves off to
another location)
Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium
States that both allele and genotype frequencies
in a population remain constant—that is, they
are in equilibrium—from generation to
generation unless specific disturbing influences
are introduced. Those disturbing influences
include non-random mating, mutations, selection,
limited population size, "overlapping
generations", random genetic drift and gene flow.
Genetic equilibrium is an ideal state that
provides a baseline to measure genetic change
against.
P=q = 1
P square + 2pq + q squared = 1
Mutation
Allele change in DNA due to alteration in
nucleotide base sequence.
Speciation is a lineage-splitting event that
produces two or more separate species. This can
happen through several isolation mechanisms:
Prezygotic: Geographic, temporal, habitat,
mechanical and behavioral isolation
Postzygotic: Hybrid inviability and Hybrid
Sterility
Occurs when 2 subpopulations become
reproductively isolated within the same
geographic area
happens when species arise as a result of
geographic isolation
the process by which different species evolve
similar traits
process in which the decendants of a single
ancestor diversify into species that each fit
different parts of the environment
Anatomical structures that occur in different
species and that originated by heredity from a
structure in the most recent common ancestor
of the species. Opposite: analogous tructure –
similar function, different ancestry
A technique used to date materials, usually
based on a comparison between the observed
abundance of a naturally occurring radioactive
isotope and its decay products, using known
decay rates: Carbon 14 dating and Uranium
238/lead dating are common examples
Speciation
Sympatric Speciation
Alopatric Speciation
Convergent Evolution
Divergent Evolution
Homologous Structure
Radiometric dating