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Human Geography of Canada
Developing a Vast Wilderness
Three major groups in
Canada—the native
peoples, the French,
and the English—have
melded into a diverse
and economically strong
nation.
Canadian fur trapper.
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Section 1
History and
Government of Canada
7 slides
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The First Settlers and Colonial Rivalry
Early Peoples
• After Ice Age, migrants cross Arctic land
bridge from Asia
- Eskimos & North American Indians
• Vikings found Vinland (Newfoundland)
about A.D. 1000;
Continued . . .
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continued The
First Settlers and Colonial Rivalry
Colonization by France and Britain
• French explorers claim much of Canada in
1500–1600s as “New France”
• Coastal fisheries and inland fur trade
important to both countries
• Britain wins French and Indian War
(1754–1763)
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Steps Toward Unity
Establishing the Dominion of Canada
• In 1791 Britain creates two political units
called provinces
- Upper Canada (later, Ontario): Englishspeaking, Protestant
- Lower Canada (Quebec) Frenchspeaking, Roman Catholic
• Immigrants arrive, cities develop: Quebec
City, Montreal, Toronto
Continued . . .
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continued Steps
Toward Unity
Establishing the Dominion of Canada
• Political, ethnic disputes lead to Britain’s
1867 North America Act
- creates Dominion of Canada as a loose
confederation (political union)
- self-governing part of British Empire
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Continental Expansion and Development
From the Atlantic to the Pacific
• In 1885 a transcontinental railroad goes
from Montreal to Vancouver
• European immigrants arrive and Yukon
gold brings fortune hunters
- copper, zinc, silver also found; grow
towns, railroads
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Urban and Industrial Growth
• Farming gives way to urban industrialization,
manufacturing
- within 100 miles of U.S. border due to
climate, land, transportation
• Canada becomes major economic power in
20th century
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Governing Canada
The Parliamentary System
• In 1931 Canada becomes independent,
British monarch is symbolic leader
• - parliament—legislature combining
legislative and executive functions
- prime minister, leader of government, is
majority party leader
• All ten provinces have own legislature and
premier (prime minister)
- federal government administers the
territories
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Section 2
Economy and Culture
of Canada
8 slides
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An Increasingly Diverse Economy
The Early Fur Trade
• Beginning in 1500s Native Americans, now
known as the First Nations:
- begin trade with European fishermen
along Atlantic coast
• Voyageurs—French-Canadian boatmen
transport pelts to trading posts
Continued . . .
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continued An
Increasingly Diverse Economy
Canada’s Primary Industries
• Farming, logging, mining, fishing: 10% of
gross domestic product
- Canada is the world’s leading exporter of
forest products
• Mining: uranium, zinc, gold, and silver
• Fishing: domestic consumption is low, so
most of catch is exported
Continued . . .
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continued An
Increasingly Diverse Economy
The Manufacturing Sector
• 15% of Canadians work in manufacturing,
create 1/5 of GDP
- make cars, steel, appliances, equipment
- centered in heartland, from Quebec City,
Quebec, to Windsor, Ontario
Continued . . .
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continued An
Increasingly Diverse Economy
Service Industries Drive the Economy
• Most Canadians work in service industries,
which create 60% of GDP
- finance, utilities, trade, transportation,
communication, insurance
- land’s natural beauty makes tourism the
fastest growing service
• Heavy trade with U.S.
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A Land of Many Cultures
Languages and Religions
• Mixing of French and native peoples
created métis culture
• Bilingual: English is most common,
except in French-speaking Quebec
• English Protestants and French
Catholics dominate, but often clash
Continued . . .
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continued A
Land of Many Cultures
Canada’s Population
• Environment keeps 80% of people on
10% of land (near U.S. border)
• Various ethnic groups cluster in certain
areas
- 75% of French Canadians live inQuebec
- many native peoples live on reserves
- most Inuits live in the remote Arctic north
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Life in Canada Today
Employment and Education
• Relatively high standard of living, welleducated population
• Labor force is 55% men, 45% women
• Oldest university, Laval, established in
Quebec by French
• Today, Canada has a 97% literacy rate
Continued . . .
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continued Life
in Canada Today
Sports and Recreation
• Popular sports: skating, ice hockey,
fishing, skiing, golf, hunting
- Canada has own football league; other
pro teams play in U.S. leagues
• Annual festivals include Quebec Winter
Carnival, Calgary Stampede
Continued . . .
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Section 3
Subregions of Canada
7 slides
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Subregions of Canada
The Atlantic Provinces
Harsh Lands and Small Populations
• Eastern Canada’s Atlantic Provinces:
- Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick,
Nova Scotia, Newfoundland
• Only 8% of Canada’s population lives
there
• Most people live in coastal cities
• Newfoundland has severe storms
Continued . . .
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continued The
Atlantic Provinces
Economic Activities
• New Brunswick’s largest industry:
logging
• Gulf of St. Lawrence, coastal waters
supply seafood
• Newfoundland: fishing, mining, logging,
hydro-electric power
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The Core Provinces—Quebec and Ontario
The Heartland of Canada
• Quebec City: French explorer Samuel de
Champlain built fort in 1608
• 60% Canada’s population live in Core
Provinces Ontario and Quebec
- Ontario has largest population; Quebec
has largest land area
Continued . . .
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continued The
Core Provinces—Quebec and Ontario
Canada’s Political and Economic Center
• Quebec has great political importance in
French-Canadian life
• Core: 35% of Canada’s crops, 45% of
minerals, 70% of manufacturing
• Toronto the largest city, Montreal second
largest
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The Prairie Provinces
Canada’s Breadbasket
• Great Plains Prairie Provinces:
Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta
• 50% of Canada’s agricultural production,
60% of mineral output
Continued . . .
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The Pacific Province and the Territories
British Columbia
• British Columbia—westernmost
province, mostly in Rocky Mountains
- 1/2 is forests; 1/3 is frozen tundra,
• Most people live in southwest; major
cities are Victoria, Vancouver
• Economy built on logging, mining,
hydroelectric power
Continued . . .
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continued The
Pacific Province and the Territories
The Territories
• Sparsely populated due to rugged land
and severe climate
- Yukon mostly wilderness
- Northwest Territories extends into Arctic
- Nunavut was created from Northwest
Territories in 1999 as a home to the Inuit
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