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Emma Zisek
Elliot You
Emily Bui
Final Exam Questions
Multiple Choices
1. The roles of auxin and calcium seem to be agonistic in plants. Which of the following is true their
functions?
A) Auxin promotes leaf abscission and calcium promotes leaf growth
B) Auxin promotes shoot growth and inhibits root growth; Calcium promotes root growth and
inhibits shoot growth
C) Auxin promotes root growth and inhibits shoot growth; Calcium promotes shoot growth and
inhibits root growth
D) Auxin inhibits fruit ripening and calcium promotes fruit ripening
E) Auxin promotes fruit ripening and calcium inhibits fruit ripening
2. In the cell wall of plants, calcium ions form strong cross-links with which of the following
substances to maintain structure of the cell wall?
A) Lignin
B) Cellulose
C) Xyloglucan
D) Cutin
E) Pectin
Flower Diagram Removed
3.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Which of the following structure or structures are female reproductive organs?
V
II and III
I and IV
II
I
4.
A)
B)
C)
Which structure produces pollen?
I
II
III
D) IV
E) V
5. All of the following occur during seed germination except:
A) The seed absorbs water and enlarges
B) The hypocotyls emerge from the seed
C) Root hair cell develop and increase the surface area of the root
D) Light initiates the seed development
E) The cotyledons (seed leaves) unfold
6. Which of the following is paired correctly with its description?
A) Hypocotyl- embryonic root
B) Endosperm- triploid sac that surrounds embryo and supplies nutrients
C) Radicle- embryonic stem
D) Coleoptile- internal cavity in roots
E) Pith- stores food for embryo
7. Which of the following is not true of fast plants?
A) The scientific name is Brassica Rapa
B) They are monocots
C) They are classified as crucifers
D) They are genetically engineered plants
E) Their cell wall are is made up of pectin
8. All of the following increase in value as the fast plant matures except:
A) Amount of cytokinins
B) Number of leaves
C) Number of hairs
D) Number of flower buds
E) Size of the seed
9. What quality of fast plants makes them more useful than normal plants, besides the fact that they
grow quickly?
A) They can withstand more extreme climates
B) Their stems can withstand more stress
C) They produce seeds at a high planting density
D) Gas exchange occurs at a faster rate
E) They fully mature in four weeks
10. Order the parts of the fast plant’s life cycle in chronological order:
I. Growth and development
II. Flowering
III. Germination
IV. Fertilization and seed development
V. Pollination
A) V-IV-I-II-III
B) II-III-IV-I-V
C) III-I-IV-V-II
D) III – I – II – V – IV
E) III-I-V-II-IV
Multiple Choice Answer Key
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
B
E
C
B
D
B
B
E
E
D
Free Response
1. Fast plants go through a life cycle similar to most plants. Choose three of the five stages
and describe and elaborate upon what happens.
 Germination
 Growth and development
 Flowering
 Pollination
 Fertilization and seed development
2. Germination is an important process in the beginning of plant life.
a. Describe the process of germination in plants. Include the importance of seed
dormancy.
b. Differentiate between primary and secondary growth of shoots
Free Response Rubrics
1.
Germination (4 points)
 The beginning of growth of a plant from the seed
 The seed takes up water and swells
 The seed coat cracks
 The radicle (embryonic root) and hypocotyl (embryonic stem) emerge
 Cotyledons (first leaves) begin to photosynthesize
 Requires at least water, oxygen, and a suitable temperature
Growth and Development (4 points)
 Individual differences can be observed in this stage as the plants increase in size and
develop
 Plant height, number of leaves, number of hairs on leaf margins, and number of flower
buds can be observed
 New parts grow and start growing bigger such as new stems, leaves, and the growth tip
 Growth - addition of new cells and the increase in their size
 Development - is the result of cells differentiating into a diversity of tissues that make up
organs such as roots, shoots, leaves, and flowers
 Stomata in leaves carry out gas exchange
 Chlorophyll pigment captures energy from light and uses it along with carbon dioxide
and water to make carbohydrates through photosynthesis
Flowering (4 points)
 Flowers are determinant shoots which cease growth once the flower and fruit form
 There are four floral organs: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels that attach to the stem at
sites called receptacles
 Stamens are the male reproductive organ; carpals are the female reproductive organs
 Sepals protect the bud before it emerges
 Stamen contains the anther, which produces pollen
 Carpal has an ovary and a slender neck called the style
 Male gametophytes are pollen grains


Female gametophytes are embryo sacs
Flowers are brightly colored to attract animals or insects that can transport pollen to other
flowers (this point also works for pollination)
Pollination (4 points)
 Pollen is carried from one flower to another by wind, animals, or insects like bees
 The pollen lands on the stigma
 Once on the stigma, the pollen absorbs water and ‘germinates’
 a pollen tube protrudes from the pollen grains and extends down into the ovary
 Two sperm are discharged from the pollen grain
Fertilization & Seed Development (4 Points)
Fertilization
 One sperm fertilizes the egg, forming a diploid zygote
 The other sperm combines with 2 polar nuclei to form a triploid nucleus that becomes the
endosperm
 double fertilization (when 2 nuclei are fertilized) ensures that the endosperm develops
only in ovules where the egg has been fertilized
Seed development after double fertilization, the ovule becomes a seed, and the ovary becomes the fruit
that encloses the seed
 endosperm provides nutrients to the embryo
 cotyledons begin to form and the plant is distinguishable as monocot or dicot
 the root-shoot axis is established; meristems are at opposite ends
 during the last stages of the maturation, the seed becomes dehydrated
 a seed coat forms from integuments of the ovule
 the radical (the first organ to eventually emerge) develops
 cotyledons absorb the nutrients from the endosperm and transfer them to the embryo
2.
a) Process of germination: (4 points)
 Environmental conditions initiate germination
 Seeds absorb water due to low water potential of dry seed
 Seed expands and coat is ruptured
 Following uptake of water, enzymes begin digesting the endosperm nutrients to fuel
growth
 The radicle, or embryonic root, emerges first and forms roots of the plant

The hypocotyl, to which the cotyledons are attached, forms a hook that breaks the soil;
the hook is pushed aboveground and drags the cotyledons and epicotyl with it
 Light causes cotyledons and epicotyl to straighten above the soil
 Leaves expand and begin photosynthesis
 Cotyledons shrivel and fall away
 Light signals to the plant that it has broken ground
Seed Dormancy: (2 points)
 When a matured seed dehydrates and growth is suspended
 Ensures germination will occur under favorable conditions
b) Primary (3 points)
 Apical meristem at the tip of a terminal bud gives rise to repetition of internodes and leaf
bearing nodes
 Elongation of shoot occurs by growth in length of older internodes below the top of the
shoot
 Growth is due to cell division and cell elongation within internode
 Causes upward growth
 Branches form from axillary buds—lateral growth occurs
Secondary (3 points)
 Secondary vascular tissue formed by vascular cambium
 Secondary vascular tissue accumulates over years and causes increase in the plant’s
diameter
 Xylem is produced on interior, phloem on exterior
 Causes outward growth
 Tissue called wood is produced
 Early stages: epidermis from primary growth falls off
 Cork cambium produces cork cells that are waxy and prevent water loss from the stems
 Periderm is made up of the layers of cork and cork cambium
 Periderm replaces the epidermis of the primary body
 Bark is periderm and phloem