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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or
answers the question.
1) Camron feels the sting of a mosquito as it begins to feed upon his arm.
1) _______
________ neurons relay this sensation to his brain, whereas ________
neurons are responsible for sending a message to his opposite hand to
swat the mosquito.
A) Efferent; afferent
B) Inhibitory; excitatory
C) Motor; sensory
D) Afferent; efferent
2) These are the most numerous of the specialized neurons in the central
nervous system.
A) spinal neurons
B) efferent neurons
C) afferent neurons
D) interneurons
2) _______
3) Metabolic function is carried out primarily within the ________ of a
neuron.
A) synaptic vesicles
B) axon
C) cell body
D) nucleus
3) _______
4) Some neurons lack dendrites, yet they are still able to receive signals
from other neurons via receptor sites on their:
A) axon terminals.
B) cell bodies.
C) synapses.
D) nucleoli.
4) _______
5) In neurons of the central nervous system, signals are received primarily
by branchlike extension termed:
A) axons.
B) vesicles.
C) dendrites.
D) synapses.
5) _______
6) This structure of the neuron appears like leafless branches of a tree.
A) axon
B) soma
C) glia
D) dendrites
6) _______
7) Which of the following is NOT a function of glial cells?
A) providing nourishment
B) generating new neurons
C) removing waste products
D) holding neurons together
7) _______
8) The membrane potential of a neuron at rest, or what is termed its
"resting potential," is about:
A) +50 millivolts.
B) -70 millivolts.
C) -50 millivolts.
D) +70 millvolts.
8) _______
9) An electrical charge of -70 millivolts is indicative of a neuron's:
A) resting potential.
B) neurotransmitters.
C) action potential.
D) permeability.
9) _______
10) Which of the following best describes the firing of a neuron (action
potential)?
A) a change in axonal membrane permeability facilitating an inflow of
positive ions
10) ______
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B) the opening of ion channels, promoting a negative charge within
the axonal membrane
C) an electrical current initiated in the cell body which flows the
length of the axon
D) the transmission of neuronal impulses across the synaptic cleft
11) A neuron either fires or it doesn't, and once an action potential has been
initiated the impulse travels the entire length of the axon without
further need of stimulation. This describes the:
A) law of specific nerve energies.
B) law of synergistic effect.
C) All-or-None Law.
D) process of synaptic transmission.
11) ______
12) This structure of the neuron plays a role similar to the "rubber coating"
on an electrical cord.
A) axon
B) myelin sheath
C) soma
D) dendrites
12) ______
13) This disease involves deterioration of the myelin sheath:
A) Wilson's disease
B) Huntington's Chorea
C) multiple sclerosis
D) William's Elfin Faces Syndrome
13) ______
14) Neuronal messages are transmitted across the synaptic cleft by:
A) the action potential.
B) neurotransmitters.
C) endocrines.
D) glial cells.
14) ______
15) An action potential stimulates the release of neurotransmitters which
are contained within:
A) the synaptic cleft.
B) the soma.
C) the synaptic vesicles.
D) the cell nucleus.
15) ______
16) Once released from the presynaptic cell membrane, neurotransmitters
travel across the synaptic cleft and bind with:
A) other neurotransmitter molecules of similar shape and volume.
B) receptor sites that best match their distinctive shapes.
C) any available receptor site on the postsynaptic membrane.
D) specifically configured receptor sites on the axon terminals of other
neurons.
16) ______
17) ________ is the process by which neurotransmitters are reclaimed by the
axon terminal intact, and then are repackaged for immediate use.
A) Synaptic transmission
B) Reuptake
C) Reversal
D) Reception
17) ______
18) The term "gap junction" specifically refers to:
A) an action potential.
B) a neuron's resting potential.
C) chemical synaptic transmission.
18) ______
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D) electrical synaptic transmission.
19) Some synapses communicate electrically as opposed to chemically, this
is referred to as:
A) gap junction.
B) synapsosis.
C) electrolysis.
D) transduction.
19) ______
20) The neurotransmitter ________ plays an important role in regulating
mood, sleep, aggression and appetite.
A) dopamine
B) acetylcholine
C) epinephrine
D) serotonin
20) ______
21) This neurotransmitter plays an excitatory role in stimulating the
neurons involved in learning new information.
A) epinephrine
B) serotonin
C) acetylcholine
D) norepinephrine
21) ______
22) This neurotransmitter plays a role in schizophrenia and Parkinson's
disease.
A) epinephrine
B) serotonin
C) dopamine
D) acetylcholine
22) ______
23) Acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid are
all:
A) monoamines.
B) glutamates.
C) amino acids.
D) neurotransmitters.
23) ______
24) A decline in the production of the neurotransmitter GABA is likely to
result in an increase in:
A) schizophrenic episodes.
B) depression.
C) anxiety.
D) appetite.
24) ______
25) This is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain.
A) dopamine
B) serotonin
C) GABA
D) glutamate
25) ______
26) This is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.
A) GABA
B) glutamate
C) serotonin
D) dopamine
26) ______
27) Endorphins are most directly involved in the perception of:
A) skeletal muscle contraction.
B) mood and appetite.
C) homeostasis.
D) physical pain.
27) ______
28) Endorphins are responsible for which of the following?
A) drowsiness
B) anxiety
C) a "runner's high"
D) an epileptic seizure
28) ______
29) Alberto finished running the marathon and then was startled to see that
he had torn 3 toenails off during the race without noticing this. This is
likely the result of:
29) ______
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A) endorphins.
C) glutamate.
B) GABA.
D) dopamine.
30) The ________ transmits messages between the brain and the peripheral
nervous system.
A) pons
B) spinal cord
C) corpus callosum
D) medulla
30) ______
31) Sarah is distracted by her telephone from the dinner she is preparing on
31) ______
the stove. As a result, she accidentally touches a hot pan with her
fingertips. Sensory neurons in her fingertips detected this painful
stimulus and related the information to interneurons in Sarah's ________,
which immediately activated motor neurons that control her arm
muscles, causing her to jerk her hand away from the hot pan.
A) limbic system
B) reticular formation
C) cerebellum
D) spinal cord
32) Damage to the medulla would most likely result in:
A) an imbalance or interruption of sleep cycles.
B) a disruption of sensory information to the higher brain centers.
C) a loss of balance and coordination.
D) the cessation of heartbeat and respiration.
33) Bernie suffered extreme damage to the brainstem.
A) dead.
B) in a coma.
C) paralyzed from the neck down.
D) unable to coordinate movement.
32) ______
Bernie is most likely: 33) ______
34) An individual who has poor posture and muscle tone, but who is
otherwise healthy, may likely be experiencing abnormal functioning of
the:
A) medulla.
B) thalamus.
C) cerebrum.
D) cerebellum.
34) ______
35) Olga is an Olympic gold medal gymnast. It is likely that this area of
Olga's brain functions better than that found in an average person:
A) the substantia nigra.
B) the cerebellum.
C) the reticular formation.
D) the medulla.
35) ______
36) Cindy keeps dozing off during Professor Brandon's lecture. Which
area of her brain plays a role in this?
A) the medulla
B) the brain stem
C) the substantia nigra
D) the reticular formation
36) ______
37) The ________ is the brain structure responsible for sorting sensory
signals and transmitting them to the appropriate cortical areas.
A) pons
B) reticular formation
C) hypothalamus
D) thalamus
37) ______
38) This midbrain structure plays a central role in the development of
Par kinson'
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s disease. 38)
A) the hypothalamus
C) the thalamus
___
___
B) the reticular formation
D) the substantia nigra
39) James has been working out in the gym and is beginning to get quite hot
fromthe exercise. His ________ is causing him to perspire heavily, in an
effort to keep his body at an appropriate temperature.
A) thalamus
B) hpothalamus
C) amygdala
D) hippocampus
39) ______
40) Rachel suffered damage to her brain in an automobile accident. She is
now considered to be in a 'vegetative state.' Rachel likely suffered
damage to which part of the brain?
A) the reticular formation
B) the thalamus
C) the limbic system
D) the hypothalamus
40) ______
41) This fixture in the brain consists of two egg-shaped structures.
A) the hypothalamus
B) the limbic system
C) the reticular formation
D) the thalamus
41) ______
42) The physiological changes in the body that accompany strong emotion
are initiated by neurons concentrated primarily in the:
A) reticular formation.
B) hippocampus.
C) thalamus.
D) hypothalamus.
42) ______
43) Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus?
A) regulating sexual behavior
B) regulating thirst
C) regulating memory systems
D) regulating hunger
43) ______
44) This structure of the brain houses the "biological clock" of the body.
A) the limbic system
B) the thalamus
C) the hypothalamus
D) the amygdala
44) ______
45) Tammy has suffered brain damage and can no longer recognize when
her boss is mad at her. What part of the brain is damaged?
A) the medulla
B) the hypothalamus
C) the thalamus
D) the limbic system
45) ______
46) Of the following, which brain structure is likely to have the greatest
influence on sexual behavior in human adults?
A) the medulla
B) the hippocampus
C) the thalamus
D) the hypothalamus
46) ______
47) Every time she drives by the intersection of Prospero Street and Twelfth
Avenue, Anna shudders as she remembers the red sports-utility vehicle
that ran the light and smashed into the passenger door of her mini-van.
The brain structure most responsible for Anna's memory-generated fear
response is:
A) the medulla.
B) the hippocampus.
C) the amygdala.
D) the hypothalamus.
47) ______
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48) Randy is navigating his way to his favorite restaurant. He doesn't have a
map, but he remembers the many turns he must take to get there. What
brain structure is Randy using to find his way?
A) the hypothalamus.
B) the medulla.
C) the hippocampus.
D) the thalamus.
48) ______
49) During a ski holiday, Hans collided with a large ponderosa pine tree.
He now suffers from amnesia, and cannot store or remember new
information since his meeting with the tall evergreen. The accident and
has likely disrupted function in:
A) Hans's hippocampus.
B) Hans's hypothalamus.
C) Hans's amygdala.
D) Hans's thalamus.
49) ______
50) The hippocampus plays a critical role in the formation of new memories. 50) ______
Recent research has revealed it is also important for:
A) navigation ability.
B) language comprehension.
C) feature detection.
D) abstract thinking.
51) Michelle walks home six blocks after work each day. Michelle is
relying on which part of the brain to find their way home?
A) the somatosensory cortex
B) the hippocampus
C) Wernicke's area
D) the temporal lobes
51) ______
52) The two subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system are the:
A) sympathetic and somatic.
B) somatic and autonomic.
C) sympathetic and parasympathetic.
D) autonomic and parasympathetic.
52) ______
53) Dirk has just awakened to the sound of his smoke detector going off.
He notices the house is full of smoke and realizes he needs to get his
family out of the house immediately. Which nervous system will aid
him in this emergency?
A) sympathetic
B) autonomic
C) somatic
D) peripheral
53) ______
54) After taking the wrong exit off the freeway you find yourself in an
unfamiliar part of the city and decide to call a friend on your cell phone
to ask directions, but the call won't go through. Despite the darkness
and the rain you stop at a nearby phone booth, get out to make the call,
and then notice an angry looking mob approaching. Which division of
your nervous system has just jump-started your heart?
A) central
B) parasympathetic
C) somatic
D) sympathetic
54) ______
55) Having survived an exhilarating adventure in the city, during which
you took the wrong exit and narrowly escaped being mobbed by a
dangerous-looking group of tourists, you now begin to relax as you spot
the freeway on-ramp and the sign overhead bearing the name of your
destination. Which division of your nervous system is slowing your
pul tion to
se a
and normal
res state of
pira functio
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ning?
55)
A) sympathetic
C) somatic
___
___
B) parasympathetic
D) central
56) The 'fight-or-flight response' is a term coined for the physiological
arousal generated by the:
A) central nervous system.
B) somatic nervous system.
C) sympathetic nervous system.
D) parasympathetic nervous system.
56) ______
57) Which of the following is NOT a modern technique used in studying the
brain?
A) the CT scan
B) the PET scan
C) EKG
D) the fMRI
57) ______
58) Cindy's doctors were concerned about her continuing headaches. To
study her brain in more detail, so they could determine if there was a
problem, her doctors placed electrodes at various points on Cindy's
scalp. Which technique was Cindy's doctors using?
A) the PET scan
B) the CT scan
C) the EEG
D) the fMRI
58) ______
59) The ________ is used to measure alpha, beta and delta brain wave
patterns associated with various mental and physical stages.
A) MRI
B) PET scan
C) EEG
D) CT scan
59) ______
60) ________ brain-wave patterns are associated with deep relaxation.
A) Alpha
B) Omega
C) Beta
D) Delta
60) ______
61) The activity of a single neuron in the brain can be monitored using a(n):
A) EEG.
B) MEG
C) fMRI.
D) microelectrode.
61) ______
62) Which of the following imaging techniques uses X-ray photography to
produce visual representations of the brain?
A) CT scan
B) PET scan
C) fMRI
D) MRI
62) ______
63) The technique of magnetic resonance imaging is useful for mapping
structures in the brain, but it has a drawback in that:
A) it exposes the patient to harmful X-rays.
B) it cannot be used on other systems of the body.
C) it cannot reliably be used as a diagnostic tool.
D) it cannot provide a measure of brain activity.
63) ______
64) One advantage of magnetic resonance imaging over a CT scan is that the
MRI ________.
A) shows what the brain or other organs are doing during the scan
64) ______
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B) maps patterns of blood flow and glucose consumption
C) does not expose patients to potentially dangerous X-rays
D) shows the magnetic changes that occur in the brain as neurons fire
65) Positron-emission tomography is a brain imaging technique that:
A) uses X-rays to map brain structures and activity.
B) measures magnetic changes produced by firing neurons.
C) measures glucose consumption and oxygen use in the brain.
D) measures the electrical activity of the brain.
65) ______
66) Which of the following is NOT an advantage that the fMRI has over the
PET scan?
A) fMRI can image both brian structure and brain activity
B) fMRI requires no injections
C) fMRI can detect changes that take place in less than a second,
compared with about a minute for PET
D) fMRI can measure activity within a single cell without injuring it
66) ______
67) The brain imaging technique known as ________ measures magnetic
changes produced by the electrical activity of neurons as they fire.
A) SQUID
B) PET
C) MRI
D) fMRI
67) ______
68) Communication between the two cerebral hemispheres is in large part
made possible by the:
A) cerebral cortex.
B) corpus callosum.
C) association areas.
D) somatosensory cortex.
68) ______
69) Which of the following is NOT a primary responsibility of the cerebral
cortex?
A) thinking
B) regulating heart beat
C) memory
D) language
69) ______
70) The areas of the brain which are responsible for thought, memory,
language and perception, are located in the:
A) cerebellum.
B) corpus callosum.
C) cerebral cortex.
D) cingulate gyrus.
70) ______
71) These house memories and are involved in thought, perception, and
language.
A) language processing areas
B) association areas
C) sensory input areas
D) motor areas
71) ______
72) The left cerebral hemisphere is primarily responsible for:
A) abstract thought and expression.
B) perceptual tasks such as pattern recognition and feature detection.
C) calculation, analytical thought and language.
D) navigation, spatial orientation and landmark recognition.
72) ______
73) Mary is deaf and often uses American Sign Language (ASL) to
communicate with others. ASL is processed:
A) in the right hemisphere of the brain.
73) ______
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B) in the parietal lobe of the brain.
C) in the left hemisphere of the brain.
D) in both hemispheres of the brain.
74) Karla flipped her mountain bike off the edge of a steep trail and
fractured the right side of her skull. She now suffers from unilateral
neglect, a condition defined by:
A) a lack of emotional recognition or response.
B) an inability to detect objects in the left visual field.
C) an inability to detect objects in the right visual field.
D) an inability to detect objects in the visual periphery.
74) ______
75) After suffering a head injury in a car accident, Rachelle no longer
understands the meaning of the saying "a rolling stone gathers no
moss." It is likely that Rachelle suffered damage to:
A) the occipital lobe of the brain.
B) Broca's area.
C) the left hemisphere of the brain.
D) the right hemisphere of the brain.
75) ______
76) Recognition of emotional expression is in large part a function of:
A) the left hemisphere.
B) the forebrain.
C) the right hemisphere.
D) the hindbrain.
76) ______
77) With regard to emotion and hemispheric dominance, research indicates
that:
A) the right prefrontal cortex is in large part responsible for negative
emotions.
B) individuals who are depressed experience decreased activity in
their right frontal cortex.
C) individuals who are depressed experience increased activity in
their left prefrontal cortex.
D) the left prefrontal cortex is in large part responsible for negative
emotions.
77) ______
78) The split-brain operation in which the corpus callosum is completely
severed serves to lessen seizures associated with epilepsy by:
A) stimulating the growth of alternative pathways of communication
between hemispheres.
B) isolating each hemisphere, including all incoming sensory
information.
C) confining rampant neurological activity to one hemisphere.
D) localizing all incoming sensory information to one hemisphere.
78) ______
79) Which of the following is NOT a true statement regarding a surgical
procedure called the split-brain operation?
A) the operation is a common treatment for schizophrenia
B) patients with severe epilepsy could be helped by the procedure
C) each hemisphere continues to have individual and private
experiences
D) the operation causes no loss of cognitive functioning
79) ______
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80) In 1848, Phineas Gage, a foreman on a railroad construction crew,
suffered a serious head injury when an accidental explosion fired a
13-pound metal rod through his left cheekbone and out the top of his
cranium. The damage to Gage's left frontal lobe triggered:
A) frequent seizures and episodic memory loss.
B) profound mental and physical retardation.
C) a permanent and profound change in his personality.
D) a permanent loss of his vision and hearing.
80) ______
81) This is the largest of the brain's lobes.
A) frontal lobes
C) parietal lobes
81) ______
B) temporal lobes
D) occipital lobes
82) The motor cortex is located in the:
A) temporal lobes.
C) parietal lobes.
B) frontal lobes.
D) occipital lobes.
82) ______
83) A stroke victim who suffers from paralysis of their left arm would most
likely have damage in which area of their brain?
A) the right motor cortex
B) the left motor cortex
C) the right parietal lobe
D) the left parietal lobe
83) ______
84) Bill is wiggling his right big toe. Which part of Bill's brain is
responsible for this movement?
A) brain cells at the top of the left motor cortex
B) brain cells at the bottom of the left motor cortex
C) brain cells at the top of the right motor cortex
D) brain cells at the bottom of the right motor cortex
84) ______
85) Following her stroke, Elizabeth was completely without speech. It is
most probable that Elizabeth's brain was damaged in which area?
A) Broca's area
B) the occipital lobe
C) the thalamus
D) Wernicke's area
85) ______
86) Damage to Broca's area in the left motor cortex would likely result in:
A) a loss of muscle coordination in the left side of the body.
B) an impairment in the ability to comprehend spoken language.
C) a loss of muscle coordination in the right side of the body.
D) an impairment in the ability to produce speech.
86) ______
87) Difficulty producing the sounds required for speech due to damage in
the frontal lobe is termed:
A) Wernicke's apraxia.
B) Broca's apraxia.
C) Broca's aphasia.
D) Wernicke's aphasia.
87) ______
88) Damage to certain areas of the brain can result in ________, a problem
using or understanding written or spoken language.
A) ataxia
B) aphasia
C) abulia
D) agnosia
88) ______
89) Monsieur LeBourgne has suffered a stroke to the left hemisphere and is
no longer
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able to
89)
produce
orderly
sentence
s. He
becomes
extremel
y
frustrate
d, as he
seems to
understa
nd what
it is he
wants to
commun
icate, but
his
words
just don't
come out
right.
Which
brain
structure
has been
affected?
A) Broca's area
C) Tan's gyrus
___
___
B) the pyriform lobe
D) Wernicke's area
90) The somatosensory cortex, the site where touch, pressure, and
temperature register, is located in the:
A) parietal lobes.
B) frontal lobes.
C) temporal lobes.
D) occipital lobes.
90) ______
91) Which of the following is NOT registered in the somatosensory cortex?
A) sound
B) pain
C) pressure
D) temperature
91) ______
92) Billy's dad just ran over Billy's foot with his car. Where in Billy's brain
is the pain likely to be registered?
A) topmost cells of the right somatosensory cortex
B) bottommost cells of the right somatosensory cortex
C) bottommost cells of the left somatosensory cortex
D) topmost cells of the left somatosensory cortex
92) ______
93) Simon is holding a stapler in his hand, however, based on touch, he
thinks it is a spoon. This is indicative of damage to Simon's ________.
A) association areas in the occipital lobes
B) association areas in the frontal lobes
C) association areas in the temporal lobes
93) ______
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D) association areas in the parietal lobes
94) The ________ contain the primary visual cortex.
A) occipital lobes
B) parietal lobes
C) frontal lobes
D) temporal lobes
94) ______
95) Which of the following statements pertaining to the visual cortex is
incorrect?
A) Objects that appear in the left visual field register in the right
visual cortex.
B) Association areas in the occipital lobes house visual memories,
which facilitate recognition.
C) Damage to the right visual cortex will result in blindness of the left
eye.
D) Each eye is connected to the primary visual cortex in both the right
and left occipital lobe.
95) ______
96) Having had his pocket watch with him constantly for over 30 years,
Stanley found himself unable to recognize it following an accident
where he suffered brain damage. However, when he reaches for the
watch in his pocket, he can correctly tell you what it is without looking
at it. Which area of Stanley's brain was likely damaged?
A) association areas in the frontal lobes
B) association areas in the parietal lobes
C) association areas in the occipital lobes
D) association areas in the temporal lobes
96) ______
97) Kit Mathers is a professional rodeo cowboy who rides bulls for a living.
On his last go round he rode a mean little bull called Whirlwind who
quickly unseated him and, while Kit was looking for the ground,
managed to pop him in the side of the head with a horn. The blow
permanently damaged Kit's right temporal lobe. This type of injury will
likely affect Kit by:
A) causing a hearing deficit in both of his ears.
B) causing a hearing deficit in his left ear.
C) making it difficult for him to understand language.
D) causing a hearing deficit in his right ear.
97) ______
98) Wernicke's area, located in the left temporal lobe, is important for:
A) speech production.
B) language comprehension.
C) the storage of auditory memories.
D) connecting the left and right temporal lobes.
98) ______
99) When the waitress asked Shirley what she wanted on her hamburger,
Shirley replied "Simple nut and salted shirts and yellow." Shirley then
acted puzzled when the waitress brought her a plain hamburger, when
she thought she'd asked for ketchup, mustard and pickles. What is
Shirley's problem?
A) Wernicke's aphasia
B) damage to the association areas in the occipital lobes
99) ______
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C) damage to the association areas in the temporal lobes
D) Brocca's aphasia
100) This is also referred to as word deafness, and ability to hear normally
while not understanding spoken language.
A) Wernicke's aphasia
B) auditory aphasia
C) lateralization
D) Broca's aphasia
100) _____
101) Sean instantly recognizes the sound of his favorite music group, the
Dixie Chicks. This recognition was enabled by:
A) the temporal association areas.
B) the parietal association areas.
C) the occipital association areas.
D) the frontal association areas.
101) _____
102) The brain's capacity to adapt to changes such as brain damage or
amputation is referred to as:
A) neural allocation.
B) plasticity.
C) plurality.
D) regeneration.
102) _____
103) The process through which the developing brain eliminates unnecessary
or redundant synapses is called a:
A) pruning.
B) trimming.
C) synapsectomy.
D) synaptogenesis.
103) _____
104) The ability of the brain to reorganize, reshape itself and compensate for
damage is called:
A) lateralization.
B) myelination.
C) plasticity.
D) hemispheric specialization.
104) _____
105) For which group is brain plasticity the greatest?
A) very young children
B) men in their early twenties
C) adolescents
D) women in their early twenties
105) _____
106) George and Kathy are searching for the location of a sound. Based on
studies of adult brains, we can say that ________.
A) George is likely to be using more of his brain for this task than is
Kathy
B) George and Kathy are likely to be using different areas of the brain
during this task
C) Kathy is likely to be using more of her brain for this task than is
George
D) George and Kathy are likely to be using the same areas of the brain
during this task
106) _____
107) Men have a higher proportion of ________ in their brains than do
women.
A) grey matter
B) emotional control
C) prefrontal cortex
D) white matter
107) _____
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108) Men have a lower proportion of white matter ________.
A) in the left brain
B) in the right brain
C) in the hindbrain
D) in the midbrain
108) _____
109) Which of the following neurotransmitters also function as hormones in
the endocrine system?
A) acetylcholine and dopamine
B) oxytocin and serotonin
C) glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid
D) norepinephrine and vasopressin
109) _____
110) The ________ is controlled directly by the hypothalamus and, through
the release of hormones, serves to activate all of the other glands in the
endocrine system.
A) thyroid gland
B) parathyroid gland
C) pituitary gland
D) thymus gland
110) _____
111) Which gland in the endocrine system produces the hormone that
regulates the rate at which food is metabolized?
A) the thymus gland
B) the pituitary gland
C) the pancreas
D) the thyroid gland
111) _____
112) The development of secondary sexual characteristics is triggered by the
release of hormones:
A) from the pineal gland.
B) from the gonads.
C) from the thyroid.
D) from the thymus gland.
112) _____
113) Jason carries the genes for a rare genetic disorder, but does not have any
symptoms of the disease. In this case, we can say that the disease is part
of Jason's ________.
A) phenotype
B) genotype
C) dominant-recessive pattern
D) multifactorial inheritance
113) _____
114) The ________ involves a set of inheritance rules in which the presence of
a single dominant gene causes a trait to be expressed, but two genes
must be present for a recessive trait to be expressed.
A) sex-linked trait
B) multifactorial inheritance
C) polygenic inheritance
D) dominant-recessive pattern
114) _____
115) An individual's ________ refers to his or her actual characteristics.
A) sex chromosomes
B) genotype
C) phenotype
D) polygenic inheritance
115) _____
116) ________ is a research field that investigates the relative effects of
heredity and environment on behavior.
A) Biological behaviorism
B) Evolutionary psychology
C) Genetic behaviorism
D) Behavioral genetics
116) _____
117) Dr. Michaels is conducting a study in which he wants to compare the
frequency of alcoholism among identical twins with the frequency of
alcoh m
olis amon
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g
117)
fraternal
twins. Dr.
Michaels
is
probably
studying
________.
A) neuropsychology
C) evolutionary psychology
____
_
B) behavioral genetics
D) the psychology of addiction
118) Sharon knows that a particular genetic disorder tends to run in families
and that several of her family members have developed this disorder.
Sharon has made an appointment to see a genetic counselor, who will
probably be able to tell Sharon ________.
A) neither how likely she is to pass on a genetic defect to her children
nor how likely she is to develop the disease
B) how likely she is to develop the disease, but not how likely she is
to pass on a genetic defect to her children
C) how likely she is to pass on a genetic defect to her children, but not
how likely she is to develop the disease
D) how likely she is to develop the disease and how likely she is to
pass on a genetic defect to her children
TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.
119) A neuron may have more than one axon.
118) _____
119) _____
120) Inside the axon there are normally more positive than negative ions.
120) _____
121) Neurons can fire up to 10,000 times per second.
121) _____
122) Neurotransmitter receptors are located on the surfaces of axons.
122) _____
123) Nigel suffers from tremors, facial ticks and muscle spasms, and is
extremely rigid in his movement. He quite likely has a deficiency of the
neurotransmitter dopamine.
123) _____
124) The spinal cord is capable of influencing behavior without the help of
the brain.
124) _____
125) The cerebellum acts as a censor, blocking some sensory information
from higher brain centers while allowing other sensory information to
reach midbrain or forebrain structures.
125) _____
126) The thalamus regulates internal body conditions, such as temperature.
126) _____
127) The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for accelerating the
heartrate under stressful environmental conditions.
127) _____
128) Modern researchers rely primarily on autopsies to learn more about the
human brain.
128) _____
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129) A CT scan will indicate which areas of the brain have the greatest blood
flow and glucose consumption at a particular point in time.
129) _____
130) Functional MRI scans make use of X-ray technology.
130) _____
131) Because of it's outward appearance, the cortex is often referred to as
white matter.
131) _____
132) The gray matter of the cerebral cortex is composed of numerous folds
called convolutions and contains the sensory, motor and association
areas of the brain.
132) _____
133) The right cerebral hemisphere controls the majority of movement and
feeling on the left side of the body.
133) _____
134) Left-handed people have larger corpus callosums than right-handed
people.
134) _____
135) Left-handed people tend to have higher rates of mental disorders than
do right-handers.
135) _____
136) There is a precise one-to-one correspondence between specific points on
the motor cortex and the movement of particular body parts.
136) _____
137) Both Broca's aphasia and Wernicke's aphasia are types of language
deficits that stem from damage to an area of the somatosensory cortex in
the left cerebral hemisphere.
137) _____
138) People who cannot speak due to Broca's aphasia are often able to sing.
138) _____
139) The parietal lobes are involved in the interpretation of auditory stimuli.
139) _____
140) A person who sustains damage to one primary visual cortex will lose
partial vision in both eyes.
140) _____
141) Association areas in the temporal lobes house memories that enable you
to recognize and differentiate between types of sounds.
141) _____
142) The human brain continues to grow into adulthood.
142) _____
143) White matter, not gray matter, is lost with normal aging of the brain.
143) _____
144) There are no documented gender-based differences in the human brain.
144) _____
145) The adrenal glands produce serotonin.
145) _____
146) Polygenic inheritance refers to traits that are influenced by more than
one pair of genes.
146) _____
SHORT ANSWER.
Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers
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the question.
147) Differentiate between gray matter and white matter.
147) ____________
148) Which different areas are contained in the cerebral cortex?
148) ____________
149) Reflect on some of the differences in brain functions between
right- and left-handed people.
149) ____________
ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
150) Describe the parts of the neuron and their primary functions.
151) Discuss the propagation of the action potential. Please include the All-or-None Law.
152) Label and describe the components of a synapse and their role in neuronal
communication, as well as the inactivation of the neurotransmitters involved.
153) Compare and contrast the divisions of the autonomic nervous system in terms of
their roles in everyday existence.
154) List the four lobes of the brain and describe their major functions.
155) Discuss the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and their roles in the regulation of the
endocrine system. Include an overview of the major glands of the endocrine system
and their functions.
Full file at http://collegetestbank.eu/Test-Bank-The-World-of-Psychology-6th-Edition-Wood
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
18)
19)
20)
21)
22)
23)
24)
25)
26)
27)
28)
29)
30)
31)
32)
33)
34)
35)
36)
37)
38)
39)
40)
41)
42)
43)
44)
45)
46)
47)
48)
49)
50)
D
D
C
B
C
D
B
B
A
A
C
B
C
B
C
B
B
D
A
D
C
C
D
C
D
A
D
C
A
B
D
D
A
D
B
D
D
D
B
B
D
D
C
C
D
D
C
C
A
A
Full file at http://collegetestbank.eu/Test-Bank-The-World-of-Psychology-6th-Edition-Wood
51) B
52) B
53) A
54) D
55) B
56) C
57) C
58) C
59) C
60) A
61) D
62) A
63) D
64) C
65) C
66) D
67) A
68) B
69) B
70) C
71) B
72) C
73) D
74) B
75) D
76) C
77) A
78) C
79) A
80) C
81) A
82) B
83) A
84) A
85) A
86) D
87) C
88) B
89) A
90) A
91) A
92) D
93) D
94) A
95) C
96) C
97) A
98) B
99) A
100) B
101) A
Full file at http://collegetestbank.eu/Test-Bank-The-World-of-Psychology-6th-Edition-Wood
102) B
103) A
104) C
105) A
106) B
107) D
108) A
109) D
110) C
111) D
112) B
113) B
114) D
115) C
116) D
117) B
118) D
119) FALSE
120) FALSE
121) FALSE
122) FALSE
123) TRUE
124) TRUE
125) FALSE
126) FALSE
127) FALSE
128) FALSE
129) FALSE
130) FALSE
131) FALSE
132) TRUE
133) TRUE
134) TRUE
135) TRUE
136) FALSE
137) FALSE
138) TRUE
139) FALSE
140) TRUE
141) TRUE
142) TRUE
143) FALSE
144) FALSE
145) FALSE
146) TRUE
147) Guidelines: Gray matter is the result of the cell bodies of billions of neurons in the cortex,
which give it a grayish appearance. The axons, which generally have a coating of myelin,
extend beneath the gray surface and have a white appearance.
148) Guidelines: The cerebral cortex contains three types of areas: 1) sensory input areas,
where vision, hearing, touch, and temperature register; 2) motor areas, which control
voluntary movement; and 3) association areas, which house memories and are involved in
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thou ght, perception, and language.
149) Guidelines: On average, the corpus callosum of left-handers is 11% larger than that of
right-handers. There is also evidence that new learning is more easily transferred from
one side of the brain to the other in left-handers. Left-handers experience less language
loss following an injury to either hemisphere of the brain. Left-handers also have higher
incidence of learning disabilities and mental disorders.
150) Guidelines: The dendrites are branch-like extensions of the cell body that serve to
increase the surface area of the neuron. These, as well as the cell body, have receptor sites
to receive input from other neurons, hormones, or external stimuli. In addition, the cell
body houses the nucleus and organelles for the maintenance of the neuron, and the
production of neurotransmitters. The axon is a single, long, cylindrical process extending
away from the cell body. It is down the axon that the action potential will travel. At the end
of the axon are axon terminals, where the neurotransmitters are kept packaged in vesicles
for release into the synaptic cleft.
151) Guidelines: At rest, a neuron's interior electrical charge is -70 mV. When an action
potential is initiated, it is the result of changes in the cell membrane resulting from
molecules fitting into the receptor sites on the dendrites and/or cell body. This changes the
permeability of the membrane and positive ions enter the neuron, making the interior
positive relative to the outside. When a sufficient number of receptor sites have "opened,"
and the interior charge reaches +50 mV, an action potential will occur. This electrical
change in charge, or depolarization, will now propagate down the axon until it reaches the
axon terminals. There, the change in charge will allow the release of neurotransmitters into
the synaptic cleft. The All-or-None Law states that once the state of positive charge is
sufficient to trigger the action potential, it will travel at the same rate and intensity the
entire length of the neuron, without need for further stimulation. The neuron either "fires"
or it does not "fire;" there is not a partial propagation of the impulse.
152) Guidelines: The axon terminal is the presynaptic membrane, which is where the
neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles. When an action potential has reached the axon
terminals, the vesicles migrate and merge with the cell membrane at the end of the
terminals. The neurotransmitter is then released into the small gap between the sending
neuron and the receiving neuron, called the synaptic cleft. Once in the cleft, the
neurotransmitter molecules travel across to the postsynaptic membrane, which may consist
of either a dendrite or a cell body. The molecules will fit into these receptor sites and, in
turn, influence the membrane permeability of the receiving neuron. After their release,
neurotransmitters are inactivated in one of two ways. They may be broken down by
enzymes and the component parts pulled back up into the axon terminals for recycling, or
they may be taken back up into the axon terminal intact, ready for reuse. The latter is
known as reuptake.
153) Guidelines: The divisions of the autonomic nervous system, the parasympathetic and the
sympathetic, work on many of the same structures, but in opposite ways. The sympathetic
nervous system gears the body up for emergency situations. In general, it enlarges the
pupils, increases breathing and heart rate, inhibits digestion, and releases glucose. On the
other hand, the parasympathetic regulates more vegetative responses, allowing for
conservation of energy during calm times or relaxation after a threat has activated the
sympathetic nervous system. Some of the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system
are constricted pupils, slowed breathing and heart rate, increased digestive activity, and
the storage of glucose.
154) Guidelines: 1) Frontal: Thinking, voluntary motor activity, speech production (Broca's
area), motivation, organization, planning for the future, emotion; 2) Parietal: Reception
and processing of touch, pressure, temperature and pain sensory inputs and spatial
awareness; 3) Occipital: primary area for processing of visual information; 4)
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Tem Hearing, speech comprehension and production of coherent speech and written language
poral: (Wernicke's area), storage of auditory memories.
155) Guidelines: The hypothalamus maintains nearly all bodily functions, except breathing,
heart rate and blood pressure. It sends neural inputs to the pituitary and therefore controls
hormonal production. The pituitary secretes hormonal regulatory substances. Together,
these structures are responsible for growth, reproduction and many of the autonomic
processes. Some of the main glands involved are: 1) thyroid which keeps the body's
metabolism in balance; pancreas that regulates blood sugar; 3) adrenal glands which
release hormones that prepare the body for emergencies; and the gonads that allow for
reproduction and the development of secondary sexual characteristics.