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English Department Mr. P. Kay Poetry Analysis Poetry Analysis: The TPCASTT method is a useful way to apply the formalist approach. It helps the interpreter remain aware of the many elements that work together to create meaning in a poem. Title Paraphrase Connotation Attitude Shifts Title Theme Note it; consider possible meanings. Break the poem into smaller chunks using the units of syntax like sentences or groups of sentences, not line by line. Put the literal meaning into your own words. Look for and annotate for diction, figurative language (like similes, metaphors, personification), allusions, symbols, sound devices (rhyme, alliteration, assonance, consonance, onomatopoeia). Identify the speaker (may be the poet or may be a persona taken by the poet). Determine the attitude of speaker to self, to other characters, to the subject of the poem, to readers. Do time / place / speaker / attitude / rhythm / rhyming patterns / levels of language shift? (look for stanza divisions, changes in stanza / line length; punctuation like dashes, ellipsis marks, colons, key words like yet, but, however, although, a sudden move from formal to slang). Re-examine the title for additional meaning. One sentence stating what the poet is saying about the subject. (Try to connect to key human experience). Reading Tips: The subject of the poem is different from the theme of the poem Do not assume that the speaker is the poet. Sometimes this connection works; many times the poet may assume a persona or there may be multiple voices. To read effectively right from the start, note whether the lines are end-stopped lines or whether enjambment is used; look for chunks of meaning.