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Influence and Importance
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Influence and Importance
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William Shakespeare ranks as the
most popular authors in the
English language.
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In 2000 British citizens voted him
the Man of the Millennium —the
most important person since 1000
A.D.
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He is credited with 37 of the
world’s most heralded pieces of
drama and literature, including:
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Give Shakespeare his due: he is
the greatest writer of all time
Romeo and Juliet
Julius Caesar
Hamlet
Othello
King Lear
Macbeth
Influence and Importance
• Influence and Importance
•
His poems and plays are the most
quoted pieces of writing other than
the Bible
• Shakespeare is credited with
37 of the world’s most
heralded pieces of drama and
literature, including:
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Romeo and Juliet
Julius Caesar
Hamlet
Othello
King Lear
Macbeth
Influence and Importance
• Influence and
Importance
• Besides his plays, he is
also credited with
penning 154 sonnets that
are often considered
some of the finest poetry
ever written
• His plot dynamics,
characters and ability to
write comedies, tragedies
and histories has never
been duplicated by any
other scribe
Shakespeare’s Plays
• Shakespeare’s Plays
– Comedies: light and amusing,
usually with a happy ending
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All's Well That Ends Well
As You Like It
Comedy of Errors
Love's Labour's Lost
Measure for Measure
Merchant of Venice
Merry Wives of Windsor
Midsummer Night's Dream
Much Ado about Nothing
Taming of the Shrew
Tempest
Twelfth Night
Two Gentlemen of Verona
Winter's Tale
Shakespeare’s Plays
• Shakespeare’s Plays
– Tragedies: serious dramas with
disastrous endings
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Antony and Cleopatra
Coriolanus
Hamlet
Julius Caesar
King Lear
Macbeth
Othello
Romeo and Juliet
Timon of Athens
Titus Andronicus
Troilus and Cressida
Shakespeare’s Plays
• Shakespeare’s Plays
– Histories: involve events or
persons from history
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Cymbeline
Henry IV, Part I
Henry IV, Part II
Henry V
Henry VI, Part I
Henry VI, Part II
Henry VI, Part III
Henry VIII
King John
Pericles
Richard II
Richard III
• 10 Famous
Shakespearean Quotes
1. "This above all: to thine own self be
true." (Hamlet - Act 1, Scene 2).
2. "There is nothing either good or bad,
but thinking makes it so." (Hamlet - Act
II, Scene II).
3. "It's not enough to speak, but to speak
true." (Midsummer Night’s Dream - Act
5, Scene 1).
4. "Et tu, Brute?" (Julius Caesar - Act 3,
Scene 1).
5. "Neither a borrower nor a lender be; for
loan oft loses both itself and friend."
(Hamlet - Act 1, Scene 3).
6. "The course of true love never did run
smooth." (Midsummer Night’s Dream Act 1, Scene 1).
7. "Be not afraid of greatness: some are
born great, some achieve greatness
and some have greatness thrust upon
them." (Twelfth Night - Act 2, Scene 5).
8. "All the world's a stage and all the men
and women merely players." (As You
Like It - Act 2, Scene 7).
9. "There's daggers in men's smiles."
(Macbeth - Act 2, Scene 3).
10. "All that glisters is not gold." (Merchant
of Venice - Act 2, Scene 7).
• 10 Famous
Shakespearean Quotes
on LOVE
1. Love looks not with eyes, but with the
mind." (Midsummer Night’s Dream - Act 1,
Scene 1).
2. “When I saw you I fell in love, and you
smiled because you knew. “(Hamlet, Act
2, Scene 2).
3. "A heart to love, and in that heart,
courage, to make love known“ (Macbeth
Act 2 Scene 3)
4. “Love sought is good, but given unsought
is better.” (Twelfth Night Act 3 Scene 1).
5. “Who ever loved that loved not at first
sight? “ (As You Like It - Act 3, Scene 5).
6. “If music be the food of love, play on.”
(Twelfth Night, Act I, Scene I)
7. “Love is blind, and lovers cannot see, The
pretty follies that themselves commit”
(Merchant of Venice - Act 2, Scene 6)
8. "The course of true love never did run
smooth." (Midsummer Night’s Dream, Act
I, Scene I).
9. "When you depart from me sorrow abides,
and happiness takes his leave.“ (Much
Ado About Nothing - Act 1, Scene 1).
10. "They do not love that do not show their
love." (The Two Gentlemen of Verona –
Act 1, Scene 2)
Shakespeare’s Continuing Presence
• Shakespeare in His Time
• Shakespeare presented his
plays at inns, courtyards, royal
palaces, private residences
and playhouses such as
Blackfriars and the Globe
Theatre, built in 1599.
• Shakespeare in Our Time
• Shakespeare’s plays continue
to be produced even today.
Over 250 film adaptations of
his plays have been made.
Shakespeare has been seen in current
media from The Simpsons to modern
adaptations of his works like Hamlet
Shakespearean Myth
• Myths About Shakespeare
• Many scholars have asserted
that a man of Shakespeare's
pedigree lacked the
sophistication to produce a
great body of brilliant work
(despite the probability he was
educated at the respected
King’s New School in
Stratford).
• As a result, some tried to give
credit for his works to other
great authors of his time.
• These thoughts have mostly
been discredited due to
historic dates not matching
Shakespeare Timeline
• Important
Shakespeare Dates
and Events
• Estimated Birth in
1564
– Born in Stratford,
England, about ninety
miles northwest of
London.
• 1582 at the age of 18,
married Anne
Hathaway
Shakespeare Timeline
• Important Shakespeare Dates
and Events
– The Lost Years
• Between the middle
1580s and 1592 there
is little information
about Shakespeare’s
activities
• In 1592 he emerged
in London and began
his legacy as the
world’s most famous
writer
Shakespeare Timeline
• Important Shakespeare
Dates and Events
• 1592 theatre were closed
due to plague. The result
was the beginning of
Shakespeare’s poetic
career
• 1594 the theatres
reopened and
Shakespeare joined a
newly formed drama
group called the Lord
Chamberlain's Men
– Shakespeare served as
both a writer and actor for
the company
Shakespeare Timeline
• Important Shakespeare
Dates and Events
• 1597 Shakespeare’s
success as a writer and
businessman resulted in
him owning the secondbiggest house in
Stratford, for himself and
his family.
• 1599 Shakespeare
became a major
shareholder in the Globe
Theatre, which housed
many of his most famous
plays
Shakespeare Timeline
• Important Shakespeare
Dates and Events
• 1603 Queen Elizabeth
died and shortly after
Shakespeare’s acting
company was elevated to
the title of the ''King's
Company'' or "King's
Men".
• 1604 Shakespeare
participated in the
coronation of King James
I and Shakespeare and
the other members of his
company became officers
of the royal household.
Shakespeare Timeline
• Important
Shakespeare Dates
and Events
• 1616 Shakespeare
died on the same
date on which he was
believed to have been
born, April 23.
– The cause of his death
is the subject of
conjecture.
Shakespeare’s Role
• Shakespeare’s Role
• William Shakespeare
was, of course, the main
dramatist of the Globe
Theatre.
• Most of Shakespeare’s
plays were held in the
Globe, and he owned
12% of the theatre.
• Shakespeare himself
sometimes performed in
his plays as an actor.
General Information
General Information
• Architecture and Look
• The original Globe Theatre
was a wood-framed building
angled to form a circle or an
oval.
• The interior resembled that of
a modern opera house, with
three galleries protected from
rain and sunlight by a roof.
• The stage was raised four to
six feet from ground level and
had a roof supported by pillars.
General Information
General Information
• Attendance
• Between 2,000 and
3,000 playgoers paid
to sit in the covered
galleries
• Directly in front of the
stage was a roofless
yard for up to 1,000
"groundlings,“ who
stood during
performances
Groundlings gather in front of the stage
• Admission
Admission
• Those sitting under
the cover of rooftop
paid two or more
pennies to sit in the
galleries, depositing
them in a box.
• Groundlings paid a
"gatherer" a penny to
stand through a
performance under a
hot sun or threatening
clouds.
The Groundlings
The Audience
• Groundlings
• Groundlings were
uneducated and not
refined
• Many of
Shakespeare's
dialogue would be
difficult for them to
understand
The Groundlings
The Audience
• Groundlings
• In fact, Shakespeare
himself belittled them in
Hamlet as being
incapable of
comprehending anything
more than dumbshows.
• The groundlings were
attracted to the globe
because of the spectacle
and glamour
Atmosphere
• Atmosphere
• The productions in the
Globe were not unlike
those of current day
concert or sporting events
• When the audience grew
bored, they could buy
food and drink from
roving peddlers,
exchange the news of the
day, and boo and hiss the
actors.
Staging and Props
• Staging and Props
• Props and backdrops
were few.
• Sometimes a prop
used for only one
scene remained
onstage for other
scenes because it
was too heavy or too
awkward to remove.
Staging and Props
• Staging and Props
• Shakespeare had to
write descriptions of
settings into his
dialogue.
• There was no curtain
that opened or closed
at the beginning or
end of plays.
Costumes
Costumes
• Costumes were often the
company’s most valuable
asset
• Costumes were made by
the company, bought in
London, or donated by
courtiers
Actors
Actors
• In Shakespeare's time,
males played all the
characters, even Juliet,
• It was forbidden for a
woman to set foot on an
Elizabethan stage.
• Female parts were mostly
played by prepubescent
boys whose voices had
not yet changed and had
female features
In the film Shakespeare in the
Love the script was flipped:
woman dressed up as man!
Actors
• Actors, Continued
• The illusion of females
being on stage was
further enhanced by the
following:
– wigs
– neck-to-toe dresses
– makeup
• After an actor reached
early adulthood, he could
begin playing male parts.
Actors
• Actors, Continued
• All actors had to
memorize their lines
exactly and did not rely
on cue cards
• Popular actors earned
more money–and
received more praise
• Actors who played clowns
and jesters were
celebrities, and often
were popular with the
“Groundlings”
Special Effects
•
Special Effects
• Shakespearean actors had to
perform their own stunts, such
as falling or tumbling.
• They also had to do the
following:
– wield swords
– perform popular dances
– Project their voices to
thousands without any kind
of microphone
Special Effects
• Special Effects
• Some “special effects”
used in the plays
included:
– Trap Doors (for the
appearance of ghosts and
supernatural)
– Sound Effects (from sheets
of metal, etc).
– Fireworks (to create
omens, meteors, etc)
– Music
– Blood (hidden pouches
popped to release animal
blood--perhaps a pig's
bladder--beneath an actor’s
shirt
Demise and Rebirth
• Demise and Rebirth
• In 1613, the Globe
Theatre burned down
after booming canon fire
• A second Globe was
closed and later
destroyed 1644
• Modern recreations of the
first and second Globe
theatres are based on
17th Century descriptions
and drawings.
London During Elizabethan Era Elizabethan Era
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London During Elizabethan Era
• London in 1600 was
one of the great
crossroads of the
world.
• It was the center of
business, work, the
royal court, sport and
entertainment
London During Elizabethan Era
• London During Elizabethan
Era
• Greater London at
that time had more
than 200,000
residents
• London was William
Shakespeare his
second home great
portions of his life
because the thriving
city hosted his
numerous plays
London During Elizabethan Era
• London During Elizabethan
Era
• London’s streets were narrow
thoroughfares filled and
crowded. These streets would
be occupied by the following:
– Animals: dogs, cats, pigs, and
ducks
– Noises: from rolling wheels,
boisterous merchants, children
at play, church bells, pounding
hammers, hogs, sheep, cattle,
grouchy dogs–.
– Workers: milkmaids,
blacksmiths, jugglers, sailors,
chimney sweeps,
wheelwrights, magicians,
stool-makers, government
spies, perfumed ladies,
bejeweled gentlemen
London During Elizabethan Era
• London During
Elizabethan Era
• A variety of commerce
would be taking place as
well, including:
– Merchants and Companies:
clothworkers, drapers, fish
merchants, goldsmiths,
grocers, haberdashers,
ironmongers, mercers
(dealers in textiles and dry
goods), salters, and
skinners
– Shopping: perfume, wigs,
jewelry, hats, shirts, shoes,
breeches, feathers, ruffles,
ribbons, silks, tweeds,
wine, drugs, spices, toys,
paper, ink, candles.
Entertainment During Elizabethan Era
• Entertainment During
Elizabethan Era
• Bloodsport rings and
arenas
• Spectators paid to see
cockfighting or snarling
dogs attack chained
bears or bulls.
• Queen Elizabeth was
among the aficionados of
bearbaiting and
bullbaiting, as these
brutal contests were
called
Entertainment During Elizabethan Era
• Entertainment During
Elizabethan Era
• The population during this
time relied heavily on
alcohol
• Ale and wine were more
plentiful than filtered
water, and people would
often be drunk from
morning to night
Personal Hygiene and Health
• Personal Hygiene and • Poor sewer system that
resulted in disease and a
Health
lack of filtered water
• As a result:
– Bathing was considered
dangerous
– Body odor strong
Personal Hygiene and Health
• Personal Hygiene and • Additionally, people
Health
often would rely on
one set of clothing
throughout the year,
which they rarely
washed
• Underclothing slept in
and infrequently
changed
Personal Hygiene and Health
• Personal Hygiene and • These conditions resulted
in outbreaks, including:
Health
– Childhood diseases:
Children often died
before 5 years
– Small Pox
– Bubonic Plague
London’s Beauty
• London’s Beauty
• London, despite it
flaws, did have some
wonders to behold:
– Flower gardens of
spectacular beauty
– Over 100 churches
built with soaring
spires, ornate facades,
and stained glass
– Huge sailing ships with
huge masts and
armed against piracy
London and Shakespeare
• London and
Shakespeare
– Stratford to London
• Shakespeare’s
hometown of Stratford
is locate about 90
miles to the northwest
of London.
• The trip would have
taken two to four days
by horseback or
wagon
London and Shakespeare
• London and
Shakespeare
– Stratford to London
Inside Shakespeare’s Birthplace
• These roads would
have had a different
feel than our modern
highways.
• They would have
been filled with
robbers, messengers,
itinerant merchants,
minstrels, farmers,
and soldiers marching
to or from service.
Shakespeare’s Globe Theatre
• Shakespeare’s Globe
Theatre
• Shakespeare staged
plays at the Globe
Theatre, built in 1599
• The Globe was not
the only theatre
house of its time.
• Some others included
the Newington Butts
Playhouse (1580), the
Rose (circa 1587),
and the Swan (1595).
Shakespeare’s Globe Theatre
• Shakespeare’s Globe
Theatre
• The Globe location was in
a rowdy are infested with
drunks, prostitutes, con
men, gamblers, and
thieves.
• The area was also filled
with many inns and
taverns.
– Most notably on of the inns,
The Tabard Inn, was made
famous in Geoffrey
Chaucer’s Canterbury
Tales.
Shakespeare and Society
• Shakespeare and Society
• Shakespeare spent a
great deal of time in
taverns, as historical
records and scenes in his
plays suggest.
• These taverns became a
creative house of ideas
where famed thinkers and
writers such as
Christopher Marlowe and
Ben Jonson gathered
Shakespeare and Society
• Shakespeare and Society
• Shakespeare also made
the acquaintance of high
and mighty courtiers,
even purchasing the title
of “Gentleman” for
himself.
• Among his noble
acquaintances was Henry
Wriothesley, the Third
Earl of Southampton, a
supporter of writers and a
court favorite of Queen
Elizabeth.
Shakespeare and Society
• Shakespeare and
Society
• After his plays earned
him widespread
acclaim during the
Elizabethan Era
• Shakespeare even
staged them before
Queen Elizabeth at
the royal residence,
Whitehall Palace.
The play tells of the scandalous affair between the Roman
general Antony and the Egyptian queen Cleopatra.
Chronicles the life of the mighty warrior Caius Marcius Coriolanus.
Prince Hamlet mourns both his father's death and his
mother, Queen Gertrude's remarriage to Claudius. The
ghost of Hamlet's father appears to him and tells him that
Claudius has poisoned him. Hamlet swears revenge.
Julius Caesar is a highly
successful but ambitious
political leader of Rome and
his goal is to become an
unassailable dictator. Caesar's
eventual assassination sparks
even more conflict.
King Lear is an aging monarch who is headstrong. The old
man is blind to his weaknesses, and decides to divide his
kingdom amongst his three daughters.
Three witches conclude a
meeting. They decide to
confront the great Scottish
general Macbeth on his
victorious return from a war
between Scotland and
Norway. The witches predict
that he will one day become
king.
Othello is a highly esteemed general in the service of
Venice. When he doesn’t promote his ambitious friend
Iago, conflict ensues.
Arguably the most famous love story of all time, this play tells
the tale of a boy and a girl from warring families who meet and
fall in love.
Timon of Athens is a man who enjoys to please his friends,
and he does this by lavishing gifts on them. Many of these
friends, however, turn out to be no friend at all.
Shakespeare's blood
thirsty drama of Titus
Andronicus is a sordid
tale of revenge and
political turmoil,
overflowing with
bloodshed and
unthinkable brutality
including countless
murders.
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The play's central romantic figures are a young nobleman called
Bertram and an orphaned commoner called Helena. The problems with
their romance are due to their different backgrounds and that it is at
first a one sided affair with Helena falling in love with Bertram.
• Rosalind, the daughter of a banished duke falls in love with
Orlando the disinherited son of one of the duke's friends. When
she is banished from the court by her usurping uncle, Duke
Frederick comedy, gender swaps, and Observations on life and
love follow.
• The Comedy of Errors relies heavily on mix-ups and
witty dialogue. The characters include two sets of
twins. Farcical mix-ups occur when all the twins
converge in the same location.
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Cymbeline, King of Britain, takes a new wife who has an arrogant son
called Cloten. Cymbeline's lovely daughter Imogen is expected to
marry Cloten. Instead Imogen marries the brave, but poor Posthumus
Leonatus and conflict and comedy ensues.
• The Princess of France and her company of ladies Rosaline,
Maria and Katherine tell the men wooing them (Ferdinand the
King of Navarre, Biron, Longaville and Dumain) that they must
wait and undergo tests to prove that their love is not simply
infatuation.
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The plot centers on Angelo, the righteous deputy empowered by the
Duke of Vienna, to rule whilst he wanders about disguised as a friar to
investigate the moral decay of his dukedom. Resorting to an archaic
law against fornication to enforce his strict standards of morality,
Angelo proceeds to condemn fornicators to death.
• The plot involves a vengeful, greedy creditor, Shylock seeks a
literal pound of flesh from his Christian opposite, the generous,
faithful Antonio.
• Falstaff first deceives the wives. The wives, Mr. Ford and
Mistress Quickly and then deceive Falstaff. Falstaff gets into
trouble because he is insincere, pretending to be love struck
when all he is really interested in is money. The ladies turn the
tables on Falstaff, and he gets his just deserts.
• The main plot of Midsummer is a complex farce that involves
two sets of couples (Hermia & Lysander and Helena &
Demetrius) whose romantic intrigues are confused and
complicated still further by entering the forest where Oberon,
the King of the Fairies and his Queen, Titania, preside.
• The story of two very different sets of lovers, Beatrice and
Benedick and Claudio and Hero. The main plot of Much Ado
revolves around obstacles to the union of two young lovers
(Claudio and Hero), and the "merry war" of the sexes between
Beatrice and Benedick.
• As we first meet Pericles a riddle thrusts him onto the horns of
a dilemma. Pericles responds to his dilemma by starting on a
tour that includes pirates, births and burials at sea, and the
waking of the dead and a lengthy visit to a brothel.
• A battle between the sexes is waged that ultimately
leads to a wager between male characters on who
has the most obedient wife.
• King Alonso and his entourage sail home for Italy after
attending his daughter Claribel's wedding in Africa. They
encounter a violent storm, or Tempest. Everyone jumps
overboard and are washed ashore on a strange island inhabited
by a magician named Prospero.
• The setting for the story is the long running Trojan
War. The plot covers the heroes from Greek
mythology including Ulysses, Achilles and Ajax and
their plans to try to end the war.
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Viola embarks on a scheme to allow her to make her way in a world of men.
Dressed as a man, Viola, now calling herself Cesario, finds herself in the
services of the Duke of Illyria. This begins a domino effect of confusion,
jealousy, mistaken Identity and fights and duels.
• Shakespeare's plot centers around Valentine and Proteus, two
gentlemen of Verona, who travel to Milan and learn about the
world of courtship. They are best friends. But love for the same
woman comes between them.
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Complications arise between King Leontes' and his Queen because of her
friendly attentions to the visiting King of Bohemia. Despite a trial at which
the Oracle from Delphi declares the queen guiltless, the King banishes her.
There's a time lapse of sixteen years between the Queen's banishment and
the story's long-delayed happy ending and with a few surprises.
•
The plot shifts back and forth between the troubled realm of Henry IV's
court and the vulgar world of the tavern in which Sir John Falstaff
presides over his group of rascals and is joined by the fun-loving
Prince Henry or Hal. The play concludes with King Henry and Hal
leaving for Wales to confront rebels. At the same time, Prince John of
Lancaster, Hal's younger brother, heads toward York to do battle with
rebel forces led by the Earl of Northumberland (Hotspur's father).
• Hal becomes King Henry V. Hal realizes he must
change and becomes a sober and solemn
person. Falstaff is banished from Hal's court and
is lectured to also change his wayward ways.
• King Henry IV has died and his son Prince Hal reigns. It's war
with France and all England rises up to back the King and
create peace. However, after King Hal dies and his son
becomes Henry VI, war again looms on the horizon.
• The story unfolds with the death of King Henry V and
his young son takes the throne as Henry VI.
• The boy King Henry returns from his
victory in France with his new bride, but
plots and schemes swirl around his court.
• A battle for the thrown drives the plot as Henry VI is
ousted from power and a new king is crowned
• Many believe Henry VIII to be Shakespeare's last play, but
others firmly believe that the Bard had little, if anything, to do
with its creation. Queen Katherine of Aragon is upright and
virtuous and married to King Henry VIII. Henry was a proud and
willful monarch who defies Rome's ban on divorce to marry
Ann Bullen (Boleyn).
• Nearly all of the conflicts in the play result from
unresolved disputes involving family members. Power
hungry individuals eye the thrown and England and
France engage in battle. King John is poisoned. and
John's son Henry becomes king.
• Richard II was a king by virtue of the divine right
of kings and thus God's elected deputy. He is
intelligent but weak and eventually deposed by
his cousin and rival, Henry Bolingbroke.
• The play is dominated by Richard the hunchback
Duke of Gloucester who becomes King Richard III
but only through a series of horrible acts, killing off
his enemies, his kinsmen, his wife and most of his
supporters.