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William Shakespeare (1564-1616) Born at Stratford on Avon; referred to as the “Bard on Avon” 1610 Retired to Stratford a successful actor, theatre owner, playwright, and poet 37 plays; 154 sonnets (mostly written when theatres were closed during the Plagues) 1623 “First Folio” – 1st collection of Shakespeare’s works Married Anne Hathaway: 3 children (Susana, Hamnet, and Judith) & at least 1 illegitimate child. Elizabethan Age = the time during Queen Elizabeth I’s reign (1558-1603) Renaissance = Rebirth of a learning culture - starts approx. 1500 - not experienced since the Greeks During Renaissance in Elizabethan London, theatre got a bad reputation prostitutes, plagues, crowd behavior Reputation didn’t change until Shakespeare’s troupe performed for Queen Elizabeth I and King James I (“The King’s Men”) Cheapside = the disreputable part of London, originally the area where theatres were first built 1642 All theatres closed by Oliver Cromwell and Puritan control 1660 Reopened when Stuart family gained England’s throne Professional actresses, as well as men Elizabethan Theatres = Theatres of the Imagination Open Air, Natural Lighting; Play began @ 2:00 p.m. Limited Scenery & Minimal Costuming - WORDS created images, costumes, moonlight, etc. - Scenes began with allusions to time & place - Poetry, not lighting, evoked the evening and the dawn Globe Theatre = Shakespeare’s and Richard Burbage’s theatre 32 ft. high, 100 ft. across Capacity 3,000+ Stage = thrust staging where audience is on 3 sides; 50 ft. wide, 25 ft. across Theatrical Devices 2 pillars support covering = balcony Cranes, dues ex machina, literally “god from the machine” Flew people on and off stage Used to get (gods, witches, supernatural) out of a bad situation Trapezes used for flight (acrobatics enhanced magic) Trap Doors actors magically appear/disappear serve as grave during burial/cemetery scenes Audience= aristocrats, merchants, peasants, educated, illiterate, skilled, unskilled, rich, poor “groundlings” paid a penny to stand around stage and look up at the action Actors – men and boys; no women Shakespeare’s Favorite Themes deal with Love, Revenge, and Power Six Characteristics of Tragedy: o Serious subject o Protagonist hero represents many people o No chance or coincidence involved o Action evokes pity or fear in the audience o Hero meets defeat but is enlightened by it o Characteristics are measured against perfection Tragic Hero = High born, a good person, tragic flaw (thing that ruins him), choices create fall Five Characteristics of Comedy: Pokes Fun at something Confusion Happy ending One or more buffoon characters Conflict may seem light to audience but real to characters Comic Relief – scene or lines to relieve stress and tenseness in the audience Catharsis – the emotional change (realization, epiphany) the audience feels from seeing drama Chorus – a group of people who represent the overall feeling or idea of a scene - used to present the audience with information about the setting or previous action FOILS – characters in a play who serve to bring out the qualities of one another Ms. Monson: World Lit.