Download Chapter 7 - A Tour of the Cell

Unit 2 Cells and the Cell Cycle
Chapter 6 - Outline
A Tour of the Cell
Level 1 Items
AP Biology students will be able to:
1. Recognize the types and uses of microscopes in the study of cells.
2. Recognize the limitations on cell size.
3. Recognize why cells must have internal compartmentalization.
4. Identify the structures and functions of cell organelles.
5. Identify the structures and functions of the cytoskeleton.
6. Recognize the surface features and inter-cellular connections of plant and animal cells.
Outline
AP Biology students will understand:
A. How Cells are Studied
1. Microscopes
a. Light
b. Transmission Electron
c. Scanning Electron
2. Other Tools
a. Cell Fractionization
b. Electrophoresis
c. Chromatography
F. The Endomembrane System
1. Endoplasmic reticulum
a. structure
b. types
1. rough
2. smooth
c. functions
1. general
2. rough
3. smooth
2. Golgi apparatus
a. Structure
b. Functions
1. Packaging/modifications
2. Distribution
c. Golgi vesicles
3. Lysosomes
a. Structure
b. Function
c. Role in human diseases
4. Vacuoles
a. contractile
b. food
c. central
B. Cell Theory
1. Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells
2. Limits on Cell Size
a. Surface Area to Volume Ratios
b. Cytoplasm to Nucleus Ratios
c. Metabolic Requirements
C. Basic Cell Organization
1. Plasma Membrane
2. Nucleus
3. Cytoplasm
4. Organelles
D. The Nucleus
1. Structure
a. Nuclear Membrane
b. Nuclear Pores
c. Nucleolus
d. Chromatin
2. Function
E. Ribosomes
1. Structure
a. rRNA
b. Protein
c. Subunits
2. Types
G. Microbodies
1. Peroxisomes
2. Glyoxosomes
H. Mitochondria
1. Structure
a. outer membrane
b. inner membrane/cristae
c. matrix
d. DNA and ribosomes
2. Function
Unit 2 Cells and the Cell Cycle
a. Free/function
b. Bound/function
I. Chloroplasts and other plastids
1. Structure
a. Other Membranes
b. Thylakoids and Grana
c. Stroma
d. Starch Grains
e. DNA and ribosomes
2. Function
3. Other Plastids
J. The Cytoskeleton
1. Microtubules
a. Structure
b. Roles in Cells
1. Cilia and Flagella
a. Structure
1. 9 + 2 configuration
2. Dynein
b. Function
2. Centrioles
3. Basal Bodies
2. Microfilaments
3. Intermediate Filaments
K. The Cell Surface
1. Cell Walls
a. Structure
1. Primary Wall
2. Secondary Wall
3. Middle Lamella
b. Function
2. Extracellular Matrix of Animal Cells
a. Structure
b. Function
3. Intercellular Junctions
a. Plasmodesmata
b. Tight Junctions
c. Desmosomes
d. Gap Junctions
Chapter 6-Homework
A Tour of the Cell
1. Identify several (> 3) cell structures common to both
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
2. Prepare a chart that gives the major parts of eukaryotic
cells (excluding the cytoskeleton).
* For each item in your chart give the following four items
of information:
a) name of part, b) structure, c) function(s), d) cell(s) found
in (plants, animals or both).
3. Explain why are mitochondria and chloroplasts not
considered part of the endomembrane system.
4.
Contrast and Compare the cell walls of plants and bacteria.
5. If given a choice between the two, you would rather be hit
by an object made of plant cells with primary cell walls
than an object made of plant cells with secondary walls.
Explain why this would be.
6. Several years ago, a meteorite was found from Mars. Upon
SEM examination, objects that looked like prokaryotic cells
were found in the interior. This discovery caused a major
splash in the scientific community. Discuss why this was
so.
7. The structure of cilia and flagella are the same in all
eukaryotic cells. Discuss why this might be so.
Unit 2 Cells and the Cell Cycle
Chapter 7 – Outline
Membrane Structure and Function
Level 1 Items
AP Students will be able to:
1. Recognize the Davson-Danielli model of cell membranes.
2. Identify the components and structure of the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes.
3. Identify methods that keep cell membranes fluid.
4. Identify methods that cells use for transporting small molecules across membranes.
5. Recognize the conditions that regulate osmosis and tonicity in cells.
6. Identify methods that cells use for transporting large molecules across membranes.
Outline
A. Models of Membrane Structure
1. Davson-Danielli (Sandwich) Model - 1935
a. Lipids
b. Proteins
c. Evidence and Problems
2. Fluid Mosaic Model - 1972
a. Lipids
b. Proteins
1. Integral Proteins
2. Peripheral Proteins
3. Protein Functions
c. Evidence for the Model
1. Micrographs or EM pictures
2. Antibody Markers
d. Membrane Fluidity
1. Lipid Modifications
2. Cholesterol
e. Membrane Carbohydrates
1. Structure
2. Function
B. The Traffic of Small Molecules
1. Selective Permeability
a. Lipid Bilayer
b. Transport Proteins
2. Diffusion and Passive Transport
a. Definitions
b. Concentration Gradients
3. Osmosis
a. Tonicity
1. Hypertonic
2. Hypotonic
3. Isotonic
b. Osmoregulation
AP Students will understand:
c. Plasmolysis
1. Definition
2. Effects in Cells
a. Turgid
b. Flaccid
4. Facilitated Diffusion
a. Definition
b. Model
5. Active Transport
a. Definition
b. Examples
1. Na+ and K+ Pump
2. Electrogenic Pump
3. Cotransport
C. The Traffic of Large Molecules
1. Endocytosis
a. Definition
b. Types
1. Phagocytosis
2. Pinocytosis
3. Receptor-Mediated
2. Exocytosis
Unit 2 Cells and the Cell Cycle
Chapter 7 – Homework
Membrane Structure and Function
1. The most accepted model of membrane structure today is the fluid mosaic model.
Explain the meaning behind the terms “fluid” and “mosaic” in this model.
2. Are both sides of a cell membrane the same?
Explain and give evidence to support your answer.
3. Explain why integral proteins stay in place in the phospholipid bilayer.
4. Identify what types of molecules have difficulty crossing the plasma membrane.
Explain the reason(s) why.
5. Define aquaporins and discuss their importance.
6. Contrast and compare passive and active transport. What kind of molecules are moved by
each? Which direction do the materials move?
7. Predict what will happen if some of your cheek cells were placed in the following solutions?
a) hypertonic
b) isotonic
c) hypotonic
8. Predict what will happen to a cell with a rigid cell wall (e.g. bacteria or plant) if they a
are placed in the following solutions?
a) hypertonic
b) isotonic
c) hypotonic
9. A writer for a TV soap opera, The Young & the Restless, consults with you about their idea for killing
off one of the characters. Their idea is to have the villain, Phyllis, replace the IV drip being given to
Jack (her ex-husband) with a bag of distilled water while he is unconscious in the hospital.
Could murder most foul be accomplished this way? Explain.
10. The Na+/K+ pump, the major electrogenic pump in animal cells, exchanges
sodium ions for potassium ions, both of which are cations. Describe how this exchange
generates a membrane potential or difference in electrical charge since both ions have
the same charge.
11. One of the first signs of cell death is that ions such as Na+ and K+ start moving
down their concentration gradients. Explain why this occurs.
Unit 2 Cells and the Cell Cycle
Chapter 12 – Outline
The Cell Cycle
Level 1 Items
1. Identify the roles of cell division
2. Identify the composition of a chromosome.
3. Recognize the phases of the cell cycle.
4. Identify the stages and characteristics of Interphase.
5. Identify the stages and characteristics of Mitosis.
6. Recognize the mechanisms of Cytokinesis.
7. Recognize factors that control cell division.
8. Recognize the results when the regulation of cell division goes wrong.
Outline
A. Roles of Cell Division
1. Reproduction
2. Growth
3. Repair
B. Chromosomes
1. Genome
2. Molecular composition
a. DNA
b. Protein
3. Structure
a. Centromere
b. Sister chromatids
C. The Cell Cycle
1. Interphase
a. G1 phase
1. Definition
2. Characteristics
b. S phase
1. Definition
2. Characteristics
c. G2 phase
1. Definition
2. Characteristics
2. Mitotic Phase
a. Prophase
1. General Characteristics
2. Chromosome Formation
3. Spindle Formation
b. Metaphase
1. Characteristics
2. Chromosome Arrangement
AP Students will be able to:
AP Students will understand:
c. Anaphase
1. Characteristics
2. Chromosome movement
3. Cell elongation
d. Telophase
1. Characteristics
2. Nuclear envelope formation
3. Cytokinesis
a. Animal cells
b. Plant cells
4. Mitosis without cytokinesis
D. Regulation of the Cell Cycle
1. Checkpoints
a. Definitions
b. G1 restriction point
c. G0 phase
2. G2 checkpoint
a. MPF
b. cdk
c. cyclin
3. Growth Factors
a. Definition
b. examples
1. PDGF
2. Density Dependent Inhibition
3. Anchorage Dependence
4. Abnormal Growth-cancer, etc.
Unit 2 Cells and the Cell Cycle
Chapter 12 – Homework
The Cell Cycle
1. Describe how the three subphases of interphase are alike and how they are different.
2. Is binary fission the same as mitosis? Explain.
3. During prometaphase, the nuclear envelope disappears. Where does it go?
4. Imagine a cell that mutates and loses the function of its kinetochore proteins. Explain what
this might do to the cell the next time it divides.
5. Is mitosis the same thing as Cytokinesis? Explain.
6. Imagine a cell mutation that allows the cell to ignore anchorage dependency. Discuss
what might be the results of this mutation.
7. Identify where three main checkpoints within the cell cycle are located. What determines if the
cell moves past each checkpoint?
8. Chemicals, such as colchicine from the Autumn Crocus plant, are known to disrupt
spindle fibers. Speculate on what affect this will have on a cell undergoing mitosis.
Identify the ploidy level (N=?) of the cell resulting from this treatment.
9. Imagine that the enzyme that breaks down cyclin is on strike and refuses to work. Explain
what might result from this situation.
10. Small cuts that open blood vessels and bleed often heal faster than cuts that don’t
bleed (e.g. paper cuts). Using your knowledge of factors that affect cell division,
speculate why this occurs.