Download Biochemistry Unit Homework (Chapters 5 and 8)

Unit 1 Biochemistry
Chapter 5 - Outline
The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
Level 1 Items
AP Biology students will be able to:
1. Recognize how dehydration synthesis can be used to build polymers from monomers.
2. Recognize how hydrolysis can be used to break down polymers into monomers.
3. Identify the elemental composition, general formula, types and uses of Carbohydrates.
4. Identify the elemental composition, types and uses of Lipids.
5. Identify the elemental composition, levels of structure and uses of Proteins.
6. Identify the elemental composition and general uses of Nucleic Acids.
Outline of Major Topics
AP Biology students will understand:
A. Monomers and Polymers
1. Definition of Monomers and Polymers
2. Dehydration Synthesis
3. Hydrolysis
E. Nucleic Acids
1. Elemental composition
2. Types
B. Carbohydrates
1. Elemental composition and general formula
2. Types and Uses
a. Monosaccharides
b. Disaccharides
c. Polysaccharides
1. Oligosaccharides
2. Higher molecular weight Polysaccharides
C. Lipids – not strictly speaking a macromolecule
1. Elemental composition
2. Types and Uses
a. Fats, Triglycerides and Oils
1. Glycerol and Fatty Acids
2. Saturated Fats
3. Unsaturated Fats
b. Phospholipids
c. Steroids
D. Proteins
1. Elemental Composition
2. Amino Acids and Polypeptide Chains
a. General structure of an Amino Acid
b. Number and types of Amino Acids
c. Peptide bond formation
3. Protein Types and Functions
a. Types
b. Functions
4. Levels of Protein Structure
a. Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary
b. Differences among each level
a. DNA
b. RNA
3. Nucleotides and polynucleotides
Unit 1 Biochemistry
Chapter 5 – Homework
The Structure and Function of Large Biomolecules
1. Discuss the formation of all macromolecules (from smaller units).
2. Identify what functional group monosaccharides have in abundance.
Describe properties this functional group gives these molecules.
3. Identify two “types” of monosaccharides and discuss how they differ in structure.
4. Both carbohydrates and lipids are built of these elements: C,H,O.
Discuss how you can tell them apart by looking at their formulas.
5. Cellulose and starch are both made of repeating units of glucose. Discuss what is different
about their structure that gives them such different chemical properties.
6. Lipids do not have a common chemical structure. Discuss why they are grouped together
into a class of macromolecules.
7. Contrast and compare the structure of a fat, an oil, and a phospholipid.
8. Identify and describe the four levels of protein structure.
9. Speculate on why a change in pH or ion concentration, such as Na+, would likely cause a
protein to denature.
10. Discuss why transferring a polar protein to a nonpolar solvent would likely cause it to
denature.
11. Describe how the 20 amino acids are similar, yet different, in their structure.
12. Many living organisms have proteins that serve the same function. These proteins often
differ slightly in their primary structure. Discuss how these proteins can have the same
function, yet be different in their primary structure.
Unit 1 Biochemistry
Chapter 8 – Outline
An Introduction to Metabolism
Level 1 Items
AP Biology students will be able to:
1. Relate enzymes and activation energy.
2. Recognize factors that affect enzymes specificity and enzyme activity.
Outline of Major Topics
A. Enzymes
1. Enzymes and Activation Energy
a. Definition
b. Activation Energy
c. Energy Profile of Reactions
2. Enzyme Specificity
a. Substrate and Products
b. Active Site
c. Induced Fit
3. Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
a. Environmental Conditions
1. Temperature
2. pH
3. Salt Concentration
b. Cofactors and Coenzymes
1. Definition
2. Example
c. Inhibitors
1. Competitive
2. Noncompetitive
d. Allosteric Regulation
1.Definition
2. Activator
3. Inhibitor
e. Cooperativity
AP Biology students will understand:
Chapter 8 – Homework
Unit 1 Biochemistry
An Introduction to Metabolism
1.
Explain how enzymes work in terms of activation energy.
2. Contrast and compare cofactors versus coenzymes.
3. Contrast and compare competitive inhibitors with noncompetitive inhibitors.
Which can be overcome by the addition of more substrate?
4. Discuss which level of protein structure is most directly responsible for the specificity of an
enzyme.
5. In the metabolic pathway, A->B->C->D->E, discuss what effect molecule E would likely have on
regulating the enzyme that catalyzes A->B?
Diagram in the space below an enzyme-substrate complex. Use the deydration synthesis
reaction that takes place between glucose and fructose molecules to produce sucrose, a
carbohydrate also known as table sugar.
Unit 1 Biochemistry
Chapter 8, Part II- Outline
An Introduction to Metabolism
Level 1 Items
1. Identify forms of Energy and Energy Transformations.
2. Recognize the Laws of Thermodynamics.
3. Recognize that organisms live at the expense of Free Energy.
4. Relate Free-Energy to metabolism.
5. Identify exergonic and endergonic reactions.
6. Identify the structure and hydrolysis of ATP.
7. Recognize how ATP works and is coupled to metabolism.
8. Recognize the ATP cycle.
9. Recognize factors that control metabolism.
AP Biology students will be able to:
Outline of Major Topics
AP Biology students will understand:
A. Energy Principles
1. Catabolic Pathways
2. Anabolic Pathways
3. Forms of Energy
a. Kinetic
b. Potential
c. Activation
4. Energy Transformations
5. Laws of Thermodynamics
a. 1st Law
b. 2nd Law and Entropy
6. Organisms and Free Energy
7. Free-Energy Concept
a. Definition
b. Spontaneous Process and Stability
c. Work Capacity
8. Exergonic and Endergonic Reactions
B. ATP and Cellular Work
1. Energy couplings
2. Structure and Hydrolysis of ATP
a. Structure
b. Hydrolysis
3. How ATP performs Work
4. Regeneration of ATP
C. Control of Metabolism
1. Feedback Inhibition
2. Structural Order
Unit 1 Biochemistry
Chapter 8, Part II-Homework
An Introduction to Metabolism
1. In thermodynamics, discuss what is the difference between an “open” system versus a
“closed” system and which one best reflects living things.
2. Make a chart to contrast a system with high free energy versus a system with low free
energy for the following factors: work capacity, equilibrium, spontaneity, and stability.
3. Contrast and compare exergonic reactions versus endergonic reactions. Which reaction
type matches with catabolic reactions? Which matches with anabolic reactions?
4. When a cell becomes more ordered, one of the characteristics of life, what must happen in
the rest of the universe? Which Law of Thermodynamics does this reflect?
5. Explain why ATP can store so much energy.
6. A key process in metabolism is the transport of hydrogen ions (H+) across a membrane to
create a concentration gradient. Other processes can result in an equal concentration of
hydrogen ions on each side of a membrane. Explain which arrangement of hydrogen
ions (unequal concentration or equal concentration) allows work to be done.