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Learning Objectives
Chapter Twelve – The Respiratory System
1.
Compare external and internal respiration for similarities and differences.
2.
Describe the nonrespiratory functions of the respiratory system.
3.
Trace the direction of inhaled and exhaled air through the airways of the respiratory tract.
4.
Explain the process of gas exchange in the alveoli.
5.
Outline the anatomy and locations of the lungs, thoracic cavity, and pleural sac.
6.
Discuss the interrelationships among the pressures inside and outside the lungs.
7.
Describe how the intra-alveolar and intrapulmonary pressures change during inspiration and
expiration.
8.
List the major steps that produce an inspiration, citing pressure-volume changes and skeletal
muscle activity.
9.
List the major steps that produce an expiration, citing pressure-volume changes and skeletal
muscle activity.
10. Discuss factors that affect air flow rates through the respiratory tract.
11. Explain the origin and cause of several respiratory diseases and dysfunctions.
12. Explain the function of pulmonary surfactant.
13. Compare the different lung volumes and capacities.
14. Compare alveolar and pulmonary ventilation.
15. Explain how changing partial pressure gradients affect gas exchange.
16. Discuss factors that affect gas transfer.
17. List the different ways that oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood.
18. Explain the factors that influence the combination and dissociation of hemoglobin and
oxygen.
19. Analyze an equation stating the relationship between carbon dioxide and bicarbonate ions in
the blood.
20. Describe various respiratory state-abnormal blood gas levels.
21. Describe the interaction of the respiratory centers in the brain stem.
22. Outline the Hering-Breuer reflex, citing how ventilation is adjusted by changes in three
chemical levels.
23. Discuss the relationship between ventilation and exercise.
24. Describe the origin and characteristics of apnea and dyspnea.
25. Explain how the respiratory system contributes to homeostasis.