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“Hail Caesar!” Caesar, Cicero, and the end of the Roman Republic History 111: Lecture 31 (November 30, 2009): One strongman leads to another: After Marius and Sulla Pompey in the East: imperium infinitum (66-63 B.C.) Politics makes strange bedfellows: The Catiline conspiracy, 63 BC Catiline raises rebellion while Pompey’s army in the East Plot suppressed by the consul, Marcus Tullius Cicero The age of Cicero (106-43 BC) A new man from provincial Italy Speeches, letters, and philosophical treatises Pompey returns from the East (62 BC), disbands his army Julius Caesar, ally of Pompey, campaigns in Gaul (France) Conquering omnia Gallia: Caesar’s history of his own campaign News of triumphs ensure his popularity in Rome The “First Triumvirate”: Pompey, Caesar, and Crassus A new power triangle in a world of shifting political alliances Crassus and the disaster at Carrhae (Harran) The dogs of war: Caesar vs. Pompey Alea iacta est: Caesar crosses the Rubicon Caesar’s victory at Pharsalus (48 BC) Settlement in the East, alliance with Cleopatra Julius Caesar, dictator for life Caesar’s policy agenda Marcus Brutus and the Ides of March, 44 BC