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Semester Exam Study Guide 8 Grade Earth & Space Science th Earth Science Objectives E3.1A Discriminate between igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks and describe the processes that change one kind of rock into another. E3.1c Explain how the size and shape of grains in a sedimentary rock indicate the environment of formation (including climate) and deposition. (Small well sorted grains – far from source, poorly sorted far from source). E3.1d Explain how the crystal sizes of igneous rocks indicate the rate of cooling and whether the rock is extrusive (small grained) or intrusive (large grained). E3.1e Explain how the texture (foliated, nonfoliated) of metamorphic rock can indicate whether it ahs experienced regional or contact metamorphism. E5.3B Explain the process of radioactive decay and explain how radioactive elements are used to date the rocks that contain them. E5.3C Relate major events in the history of the Earth to the geologic time scale, including formation of the Earth, formation of an oxygen atmosphere, rise of life, Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) and Permian extinctions, and Pleistocene ice age. E5.3D Describe how index fossils can be used to determine time sequence. E5.3e Determine the approximate age of a sample, when given the half-life of a radioactive substance (in graph or tabular form) along with the ratio of daughter to parent substances present in the sample. E5.3f Explain why C-14 can be used to date a 40,000 year old tree but U-Pb cannot. E5.3g Identify a sequence of geologic events using relative-age dating principles. E3.3A Explain how plate tectonics accounts for the features and processes (sea floor spreading, mid-ocean ridges, subduction zones, earthquakes and volcanoes, mountain ranges) that occur on or near the Earth’s surface. E3.3B Explain why tectonic plates move using the concept of heat flowing through mantle convection, coupled with the cooling and sinking of aging ocean plates that results from their increased density. (Slab pull, ridge push, convection currents) E3.3C Describe the motion history of geologic features (e.g., plates, Hawaii) using equations relating rate, time, and distance. Velocity (speed) = distance (from H.S.) / time (age) E3.2A: Describe the interior of the Earth and where the magnetic field of the Earth is generated. E3.2C Describe the differences between oceanic and continental crust. Study Tips: Review vocabulary & textbook, section review and chapter questions, create flash cards with definitions and pictures, and define or concept map tough vocabulary. Study class website: Quizlet vocabulary and practice test or games, Video Tutorials and Animations, and Study Guide. Semester Exam Study Guide 8 Grade Earth & Space Science th Key Vocabulary Rocks: Mineral Mixtures (78-103) Contact metamorphism Cooling Crystallization Deposition Erosion Extrusive Foliation Grain shape Grain size Igneous Intrusive Lithification Magam/lava Metamorphic Metamorphism Nonfoliated Regional metamorphism Rock cycle Sedimentary Weathering Chemical Sedimentary Organic Sedimentary Clastic Sedimentary Mafic Felsic Strata Cementing/Compaction Stratification Rock and Fossil Record (134-159) Absolute Age Dating Half-Life Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) Cross Cutting Evolution of Life Petrification Permineralization Relative Dating Geologic Time Geologic Time Scale Original Horizontality Index Fossils Law of Superposition Permian Extinctions Pleistocene Ice Age C-14 Radioactive Decay Radioactive Elements Radioactive Isotopes U-Pb Radioactive Substance Radiometric Dating Daughter/Parent Ratio Unconformities Plate Tectonics (164-191) Slab Pull Asthenosphere Earthquakes Ring of Fire Ridge Push Earthquakes Convection Density Oceanic Crust Continental Crust Geologic Features Geosphere Lithosphere Magma/Lava Inner Core Trench Magnetic Reversal Mantle Convection Mid-Ocean Ridges Mesosphere Mountain Ranges Plate Boundaries Outer Core Plate Collision Plate Tectonics Theory Pressure Rift Valleys Volcanic Island Arcs Sea Floor Spreading Subduction Zones Tectonic Plates Upper Mantle Gondwanaland Continental Drift Theory Pangaea/Gondwana GPS Semester Exam Study Guide 8 Grade Earth & Space Science th Transform Boundaries Hawaiian Islands Convergent Boundaries Divergent Boundaries