Download Review for Final Summer 2008

Algiers, K
Bio V01 Study Guide Summer 2008
Biology Study Guide
For Final
(50% accumulative)
Chapter 1 Introduction to Life on Earth
 Definitions: Biology adaptation living fossils extinct species biodiversity
 Discovery vs. hypothesis based science; qualitative vs quantitative data
 Scientific method (steps)
 Fig 1-1
 Theory vs hypothesis
 Theory of Evolution
 DNA and mutations and their role on evolution
 Three domains of life
Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Life
 Definitions: atom, element, compound, molecule, isotopes, free radical,
antioxidants
 Subatomic particles (electrons neutrons protons)
o which is in the nucleus?
o # of electrons for each energy level
o which is + - neutral
 atomic number vs. atomic weight
 How to read the atomic # and mass on periodic table
 ionic covalent hydrogen bonds
 polarity (covalent bonds)
 6 properties of water
 Solution solvent solute surface tension buffer pH acidic basic
hydrophobic hydrophilic
Chapter 3 Biological Molecules
 Define: organic inorganic monomer polymer
 dehydration synthesis vs. hydrolysis
 carbohydrates (1C:2H:1O):
o monosaccharide (glucose fructose galactose)
o disaccharides (glucose + glucose = maltose; glucose + fructose =
sucrose; glucose + galactose = lactose)
o polysaccharides (examples: starch chitin cellulose glycogen)
o OH is polar = carbs are hydrophilic
 lipids:
o oils fats waxes; oil is unsaturated; fats are saturated. Why? Fats and
oils have 3 fatty acid chains and glycerol
o phospholipid structure: 2 fatty acid chains 1 glycerol 1 phosphate
group. Hydrophilic/hydrophobic
o Steroid structures = 4 rings of carbon fused together
 proteins:
o subunits are amino acids: 20 diff types
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Bio V01 Study Guide Summer 2008
o One amino acid is a carbon attached to: _____________
o Peptide bond
o Protein vs. polypeptide vs. peptide
o 4 levels of structure
nucleic acid
o Structure: 5Carbon sugar attached to nitrogen containing base and
phosphate group
o DNA vs. RNA (know structures)
o ATP NADH NADPH FADH2 are nucleic acids
Chapter 4 The Cell
 Cell theory (says three things)
 Light microscope Electron microscope (SEM and TEM)
 Common features of cells (small in size plasma membrane cytoplasm
Cytosol DNA obtain energy/nutrients from environment
 Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes differences?
 Fig of prokaryotic cell eukaryotic animal cell eukaryotic plant cell in book.
Be able to label parts
 Know functions of: cell membrane cell wall chloroplast cytoplasm DNA
endoplasmic reticulum (ER; rough and smooth) Golgi complex lysosomes
mitochondria Nucleus ribosomes vacuole vesicles (table 1 in “The Cell
Worksheet”)
 Order of how molecules are synthesized (table 2 in “The Cell Worksheet”)
 Water balance and vacuoles
Chapter 5 Cell Membrane
 Plasma membrane’s three functions; which part of the membrane does which?
 fluid mosaic model
 phospholipids-which side is hydrophilic? hydrophobic? How do they arrange
in a bilayer? What determines how fluid?
 Hemotoxin - phospholipase
 Cholesterol’s functions in the plasma membrane
 glycoproteins
 5 groups of proteins:
o receptor, recognition, enzymatic, transport (channel & carrier),
attachment
 diffusion vs osmosis
 passive diffusion
o simple diffusion
o facilitated diffusion
o osmosis (hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic)
 active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis
 water always goes from hypotonic to hypertonic
 what type of transport is energy required for?
 What is the diffusion of water called?
 endocytosis & exocytosis (define; do they require energy?)
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Bio V01 Study Guide Summer 2008
Table 5-1 from textbook
Chapter 6 Energy Flow
 kinetic vs. potential energy (give examples of each)
 2 laws of thermodynamics (quantity and quality of energy)
 Define: entropy, chemical reaction, metabolic pathway, metabolism
 reactant vs. product
 exergonic vs. endergonic reactions
 what’s ATP? where’s the energy located on the molecule? how does it work?
 Coupled reaction
 NADH, FADH2 function as ‘electron carriers’
 enzymes catalyst active site coenzyme
Chapter 7 Photosynthesis
 Definition: photosynthesis, Autotrophs
 Which came first: photosynthesis or cellular respiration? Explain
 general formula for photosynthesis (Endergonic or Exergonic?)
 leaf adaptations for photosynthesis
o capturing light
o preventing water loss
o gas exchange
 Stomata (singular stoma) and guard cells
 chloroplast and its parts: outer, inner membrane, thylakoid, granum, stroma
o Where in the chloroplast does the light reaction take place?
o The dark reaction?
 Photons, Pigments (chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids)
 light reaction (thylakoid)
o Know reactants and products:
o Sunlight & Water go in
o ATP, NADPH, and ½ O2 comes out
o 2 photosystems containing pigments
o 2 electron transport chains that carry electrons
 dark reaction (stroma)
o Know reactants and products:
o NAPDH, ATP, CO2, and H2O go in
o Glucose comes out (synthesized)
 Role of NADPH and ATP in photosynthesis
 Fig that summarizes photosynthesis on pg 127 is good
Chapter 8 Cellular Respiration
 General formula for cellular respiration (Endergonic or Exergonic?)
 Where does each reaction take place?
o Glycolysis
o Formation of acetyl CoA
o Krebs cycle
o Electron transport chain
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Bio V01 Study Guide Summer 2008
o Fermentation
Glycolysis splits sugar to make 2 ATP & 2 NADH
Pyruvate from Glycolysis either enter the mitochondria (cellular respiration)
or stays in cytosol (one of the two types of fermentation)
Fermentation: Alcohol vs. lactic acid (know the difference)
Why would a cell do fermentation instead of cellular respiration?
Aerobic vs anaerobic
Parts of mitochondria : outer, inner membrane, matrix, intermembrane
compartment, cristae
Role of NADH FADH2 and ATP in cellular respiration
Oxygen we breathe in goes into what reaction?
CO2 we breathe out comes from what two reactions?
Comparing photosynthesis and cellular respiration:
o Where is glucose used or broken down (reactant)?
o Where is glucose made (product)?
o Where is CO2 used (reactant)?
o Where is CO2 made (product)?
o Where is O2 used (reactant)?
o Where is O2 made (product)?
Chapter 9 DNA (Part I)
 Griffith’s Experiment: bacterial tranformation
 What is DNA? Nucleic acid subunits (nucleotides)
 DNA vs. Genes vs. Chromosomes
 Thymine, cytosine, adenine, guanine
 Chargaff’s Rule
 Wilkins and Franklin: x-ray diffraction
 Structure of chromosomes
o double helix
o complementary bases held w/ H- bonds
o sugar and bases held with covalent bonds
o 5’ to 3’
 Purines vs. pyrimidines
 Watson and Crick
 DNA replication
o Strands undwind (DNA helicase)
o Free bases are placed in front of templates (DNA polymerase
o Pieces are tied together (DNA ligase)
 Types of mutations:
o nucleotide substitution, insertion, deletion, inversion, translocation
Chapter 10 DNA (Part II)
 Genes make proteins
 DNA  mRNA  Protein
o where in the cell does each take place?
o Which is referring to transcription? Translation?
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Bio V01 Study Guide Summer 2008
What is transcription? What is translation? Where does each take place?
3 differences between DNA & RNA: sugar, T vs. U, double vs. single strand
Three types of RNA and functions: mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
If I give you a DNA strand and the genetic code, be able to make proteins
Transcription- RNA polymerase does everything
Translation- Need mRNA, rRNA (the enzyme), tRNA (with an amino acid on
each) to make proteins
What is a codon?
How many nucleotides make up one codon?
How many types of nucleotides exist?
What is an anticodon? What molecule is this found on?
Fig on pg 170 is a great review
What does it mean by ‘transcription is selective’?
What is a Barr body?
Chapter 11 Cell Reproduction
 Define: Cell cycle, binary fission, mitosis, meiosis, gamete
 Cells divide for: growth, development, asexual reproduction, gamete
formation
 homologous chromosomes vs. sister chromatids
 How many chromosomes do humans have?
 How many homologous pairs of chromosomes do humans have?
 define: chromosome, chromotin, centromere
 parts of the cell cycle
o G1 G2 S M
o Which parts make up interphase?
 mitosis: IPMAT (interphase is not part of division)
o sister chromatids separate
o start diploid (2n), end diploid (2n)
o all eukaryotic cells except for cells that make gametes
 meiosis: two sets of division M1, M2
o MI: homologous chromosomes separate
o MII: chromatids separate
o How many cells form? Are they diploid or haploid? n or 2n?
 Why does the gamete cell have to become haploid for the offspring to be
diploid?
o pre-requisite to sexual reproduction
 A fertilized egg is called a zygote
o Is a zygote diploid or haploid?
o Will a zygote go through mitosis? Meiosis?
 Formation of tetrads, cross-overs, independent assortment = meiosis
 3 sources of genetic variability
 What is a cancerous cell?
 Questions at the end of outline
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Algiers, K
Bio V01 Study Guide Summer 2008
Chapter 12 Patterns of Inheritance
 Who was Mendel? Who was Morgan?
 Define: gene, locus, allele, character, phenotype, genotype, homozygous,
heterozygous, gamete, dominant, recessive
 Be able to make a punnett square
 Law of segregation; law of independent assortment
 Types of genetics problems you should be able to do
o Simple dominance
o Monohybrid Cross
o Dihybrid Cross
o Linked genes
o Incomplete dominance
o Multiple alleles
o Co-dominance
o Polygenetic inheritance
o Pleiotropy
o Sex-linked
 Know the alleles for blood type, how to do a problem using blood types
(review genetics packet)
 Know how to get ‘gametes’ for your punnett square
 Can a genetic disorder be dominant? Give an example
 Non-disjunction (XXY, XYY, XO, XXX, Trisomy 21)
Chapter 26 Population Growth & Regulation
 Define: ecology, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
 Biotic vs. abiotic
 What three factors contribute to change in population size?
o Birth, death, migration
o What is a stable population?
 Biotic potential vs. environmental resistance
 Be able to identify or define the following growth curves
o J-curve (AKA exponential growth)
o boom and bust cycle
o s-curve
 Carrying capacity
 interspecific vs. intraspecific competition
 How do predators play a role in population size?
 Dispersal patterns
o Clumped, uniform, random
 Human population curve
o What type is it?
o Why? (due to decrease in some environmental resistance)
 Developing vs. developed countries & their contributions to population size
 Have we reached the earth’s carrying capacity?
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Algiers, K
Bio V01 Study Guide Summer 2008
Chapter 27 Community Interaction
 Define: diversity, species richness, relative abundance, Coevolution, niche
 What is resource partitioning?
 Symbiosis
o Mutualism, parasitism/predator, commensalisms, competition
 Types of predator/prey adaptation
o cryptic coloration, warning coloration, mimicry (and startle
coloration), chemical warfare
 Keystone species
 Exotic species
o How do they affect the ecosystem?
o Why do some exotic species take over a community?
Chapter 28 How does the ecosystem work?
 Define: Autotrophs, heterotrophs, producers, primary and secondary
consumers, herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, detrivores & decomposers
 trophic pyramid
o energy transfer is only 10% Why?
o Be able to tell me what trophic level an organism on a food chain is
 Food chain vs. food web
 Nutrition Cycles
o carbon cycle
o water cycle
 acid rain
o what natural element’s cycle is over used? (S, N)
 global warming
o greenhouse gasses
o name some things that emit greenhouse gasses
o evidence: warmer temperatures, melting of ice, extreme weathers,
ocean water expanding, sea level rising, growing season increasing,
wildlife is effected
 ozone layer
o what is the ozone layer?
o What’s the problem with it?
 Main causes of biodiversity crisis
o Habitat destruction
o Introduced species
o overexploitation
 What can we do to help?
 Why should we care?
 Biophilia
This is 50% of the final.
The other 50% is the new material .
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