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INTRODUCTION TO
ANATOMY
The Basic Muscles
FUNCTIONS OF
A SKELETON:
*Movement
*Protection
*Support
*Supply
Movement….
 Where bones meet we
form joints. In
combination with
muscles, we create
movement. Bones move
because of joints and
muscles. E.g. elbow
moved by biceps
Protection…
 Protection of
internal organs.
Eg. The cranium
protects our
brain
Support…
 The skeleton
supports organs
and tissues of
the body or else
they would
collapse. Eg.
Spine supports
the head and
trunk
Storage and Supply…
 The bones are a place
that store minerals that
the body needs.
Eg. Calcium in bones
 Red and white blood
cells are produced in
bone marrow
Eg. Femur produces
RBC
THE INCREDIBLE MACHINE
Anatomical Position…
There are four key features to
remember:
 1. The palms face forward
 2. The body is upright
 3. The thumb points outward
 4. The face is forward
Planes of the Body….
 CORONAL (FRONTAL)
separates the body into anterior
and posterior parts
 SAGGITAL (MEDIAL)
separates body into right and
left parts
 HORIZONTAL
(TRANSVERSE) separates the
body into superior and inferior
parts
Anatomical Terms of Direction
*Anterior
The front of the body or limb
E.g. The chest is on the anterior of the body
*Posterior
The back of the body or limb
E.g. The buttocks are on the posterior of the body
*Superior
Higher above (top) or on top of
E.g. The head is superior to the neck
*Inferior
Lower (bottom) below or beneath
E.g. The neck is inferior to the head
Anatomical terms cont.
*Medial
Towards the midline of the body
E.g. The big toe is the medial aspect of the foot
*Lateral
Further away from the midline, towards the
outside of the body
E.g. The thumb is the lateral part of the hand
*Distal
Further away from the trunk (limbs)
e.g. The wrist is distal to the elbow
*Proximal
Closer to the body (limbs)
E.g. The shoulder is proximal to the elbow
FLEXION
 Flexion is bending a joint so the bones either side of
the joint are drawn together
Good example of hip flexion
Shoulder
Flexion
Elbow
 Flexion is bending a
joint so the bones either
side of the joint are
drawn together
EXTENSION
 Extension is
straightening the joint
so the bones either
side of the joint are
drawn apart.
Elbow
extension
Wrist
extension
Extension
 Extension is
straightening the joint
so the bones either
side of the joint are
drawn apart.
EXTENSION OF THE KNEE – NOT
MEANT TO HAPPEN
ABDUCTION/ADDUCTION
 Abduction is moving the bone away from the middle of the body
(taking away from the midline).
 Adduction is moving the bone towards the middle of the body
(adding to the midline).
Abduction
 Abduction is moving
the bone away from
the middle of the
body.
Hip abduction
Adduction
Hip adduction
 Adduction is moving the
bone towards the
middle of the body.
 It is the opposite of
abduction.
Shoulder
adduction
 Abducted-
getting taken
away from
earth…in PE
abducted
taking away
from body.
SUPINATION/PRONATION
PRO BASKETBALL PLAYER
HOLDING A BOWL OF SOUP
Dorsiflexion & Plantarflexion
 Dorsiflexion:
Movement that
involves pulling the
toes upwards
towards the tibia.
 Plantarflexion:
Movement that
involves pointing the
toes downwards.
INVERSION/EVERSION
Circumduction
 Circumduction is a circular
movement to describe
limbs, involving a
combination of flexion,
extension, abduction and
adduction.
 For example, arm
circumduction means
moving the whole arm at
the shoulder so that the
hand traces out a circular
shape.