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Basic Terminology Qualitative Non-numerical Based on direct observation Equipment not necessary Focus on time and space Examples: Rotation of femur during golf swing Adduction of humerus during freestyle swim Quantitative Numerical Based on data collected Equipment necessary Focus on forces Examples: Stress on shoulder during baseball pitch Compression force on femur during landing Areas of Study Biomechanics vs. Kinesiology Anatomy vs. Functional Anatomy Linear vs. Angular Motion Kinematics vs. Kinetics Biomechanics vs. Kinesiology Kinesiology: Scientific study of human movement Anatomical, physiological, psychological, biomechanical Biomechanics: Application of mechanics to biological systems More specific than kinesiology Anatomy vs. Functional Anatomy Anatomy Structure of the body Focus on structure Example: Study of biceps brachii Functional Anatomy Body components necessary to achieve goal Focus on function Example: Analysis of bicep curl Linear vs. Angular Motion Linear Motion AKA translation or translational motion Movement on straight or curved pathway All points move same distance, same time Angular Motion Motion around some point Kinematics vs. Kinetics Both are biomechanical analyses Kinematics Examines space and time Kinetics Examines forces Statics vs. Dynamics Statics Examines systems not moving or moving at a constant speed Equilibrium: no acceleration Example: Spaceship gliding through space Dynamics Examines systems that are being accelerated Example: Softball pitch Stress-Strain Curve Stress (σ) Force applied to deform a structure Force per unit area 2 Measured in N/m or pascals σ=F/A Strain (ε) Deformation caused by applied stress ε=ΔL/L Stress-Strain Curve (cont.) Insert figure 1-9. Elastic modulus (k) Stiffness of a material k=stress/strain=σ/ε Residual strain Difference between original length and length resulting from stress into the plastic region Safety factor 5–10x typical stress on structure Stored Mechanical Energy Proportional to area under stress-strain curve ME=½σε Spring, rubber band, trampoline Insert figure 1-12. Types of Materials Elastic Linear relationship between stress and strain Viscoelastic Non-linear relationship between stress and strain Hysteresis: energy lost in a viscoelastic material Skeleton Axial Head Neck Trunk Appendicular Upper extremities Lower extremities Insert figure 1-16, only the part labeled with the segments of the axial and appendicular skeleton. Reference Positions Anatomical position Standard reference point Palms face front Fundamental position Similar to anatomical position Arms more relaxed Palms face inward Relative angle Included angle between two segments Relative Position Medial – toward midline of the body Lateral – away from midline of the body Proximal – toward point of attachment Distal – away from point of attachment Superior – toward the top of the head Inferior – toward the bottom of the feet Relative Position Anterior – front, ventral Posterior – back, dorsal Ipsilateral – on the same side Contralateral – on opposite sides (cont.) Flexion & Extension Flexion Decreasing joint angle Extension Increasing joint angle Hyperflexion Flexion beyond normal range Hyperextension Extension beyond normal range Abduction & Adduction Abduction Moving away from midline Adduction Moving toward midline Hyperabduction Abduction past 180° point Hyperadduction Adduction past 0° point Other Movement Descriptors Rotation Medial (internal) or lateral (external) Right/left for head & trunk Lateral flexion Head or trunk only Example: head tilts sideways Circumduction Movement in a conic fashion Movement of the Scapulae Elevation – raising the scapula (shrug) Depression – lowering the scapula Protraction – move scapulae apart Retraction – move scapulae together Upward rotation – bottom of scapula moves away from trunk, top moves toward Downward rotation – return to normal Specialized Movement Descriptors Horizontal adduction Combination of flexion & adduction Horizontal abduction Combination of extension & abduction Supination – turn palms frontward Pronation – turn palms backward Radial flexion – hand toward thumb Ulnar flexion – hand toward little finger Movement Descriptors of the Foot Plantarflexion Increase angle between foot and shank Dorsiflexion Decrease angle between foot and shank Inversion Lift medial edge of foot Eversion Lift lateral edge of foot Pronation & Supination of the Foot Pronation & supination of the feet are not the same as inversion & eversion Pronation of the foot Dorsiflexion at the ankle Eversion in the tarsals Abduction of the forefoot Supination of the foot Plantarflexion at the ankle Inversion in the tarsals Adduction of the forefoot Reference Systems Necessary for accurate observation & description Fundamental & anatomical positions Axes Imaginary lines that intersect at right angles Origin Point of intersection of axes Absolute vs. Relative Relative Segment movement described relative to the adjacent segment Absolute Axes intersect in the center of a joint Planes & Axes Plane Flat, two-dimensional surface Cardinal planes Planes positioned at right angles and intersecting the center of mass Axis of rotation Point about which movement occurs Perpendicular to plane of motion Cardinal Planes Sagittal Left & right halves Mediolateral axis Frontal (coronal) Front & back halves Anteroposterior axis Transverse (horizontal) Upper & lower halves Longitudinal axis Many other planes exist Degrees of Freedom Degree of freedom Number of planes in which a joint has the ability to move 1 degree of freedom Uniaxial Example: Elbow 2 degrees of freedom Biaxial Example: Wrist 3 degrees of freedom Triaxial Example: Shoulder Summary Human movement analyzed using… Qualitative analysis Quantitative analysis Materials & structures analyzed using… Stress-strain curve Movement described… Using anatomical movement descriptors In relation to planes of motion
