Download Microbiology Part 1 Study Guide Tell what contribution the following

Microbiology Part 1 Study Guide
1.
Tell what contribution the following scientist had to the Cell Theory.
a. Anton Van Leeuwonhoek – Looked at drops of lake water,scraping of gums and teeth, and water from
rain gutters and discovered animalcules “little animals”.
b. Robert Hooke – Looked at cork and discovered empty spaces he called “cells”
c. Theodor Schwann – Concluded that all animals are made up of cells. Thus all living things were made
of cells.
d. Rudolf Virchow – Determined that all cells come from cells.
e. Matthias Schleiden – Stated that all plants were made of cells
2. What are the three parts of the cell theory?
a. All living things are compesed of cells
b. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
c. All cells are produced from other cells.
3. What are the three types of cells?
a. Plant
b.
Animal
c.
Bacterial
4. What is the function (job) of the following parts of the cell?
a. Cell wall – a stiff wall surrounding the membrane, giving the cell a rigid boxlike shape.
b. Cell membrane- Protects the cell and regulates what substances enter and leave the cell
c. Nucleus – Directs all of the cell’s activities including reproduction
d. Ribosomes – Small structures that function as factories to produce proteins.
e. Mitochondria – Most of the cell’s energy is produced within these rod-shaped organelles
f.
Vacuoles – Stores food, water, waste and other materials.
g. Golgi Body – receives material from the endoplasmic reticulum and send them to other parts of the
cell. Also release materials outside the cell.
h. Endoplasmic Recticulum – network of passage ways that carry materials from one part of the cell to
another.
i.
Lysosomes – small organelles that contain chemicals to break down food particles and worn-out cell
parts.
5. Name two parts of the plant cell that does not exist in the animal cell.
a. Cell Wall
b. Chloroplasts
6. How is the bacteria cell different from the plant and animal cells?
Bacteria cells are much smaller. It has a cell wall and cell membrane, but does not contain a nucleus. Genetic
material looks like a thick tangled string and is found in the cytoplasm.
7. Why is water important for a cell?
Most chemical reactions within the cell would not take place without water.
8. The cell membrane and water are both involved in
a. Directing the cell’s activities
b. Making chloroplasts
c. The movement of materials into and out of the cell
d. Preventing chemical reactions from taking place.
9. Define the following :
a. Osmosis – diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane. Many cellular
process depend on osmosis
b. Diffusion – process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration.
c. Active transport – Movement of materials through a cell membrane using cellular energy. Requires
cells to use it own energy.
d. Passive Transport –movement of dissolved materials through a cell membrane without using cellular
energy.
10. A fungus is a parasite that might feed on
a. A person’s skin
b. A dead tree
c. Bread
d. Wet bathroom tiles
11. How do fungi multiply or reproduce?
a. Reproduce by making spores in reproductive strucutures call fruiting bodies
b. Asexual - budding: small yeast cell grows from the body of a parent cell somewhat similar to the way
a bud forms on a tree branch.
c. Sexual – hyphae of two fungi grow together and genetic material is exchanged.
12. What are protists?
Eukaryotes that cannot be classified as animals, plants or fungi. They live in moist surrounding. Most of
unicellular, some are multi-cellular.
13. What structures allow amoebas to move?
Pseudopods
14. Define the following:
a. Flagellum – Whip-like part that helps the protist move.
b. Cilia – hair like projections from cells that move and obtain food.
15. How does a virus multiply?
a. Attaches to the host cell and enters the cell
b. viruses genetic material takes over the cell functions of the bacterium
c. Proteins and genetics material assemble into new viruses that fill the bacterium
d. The bacterium burst open, releasing new viruses to infect more cells.
16. Name two characteristics of a virus.
a. Considered non living because do not have all the characteristics essential for life.
b. Viruses act like parasites, an organism that live on or in a host and causes it harm.
17. What important role do bacteria called decomposers play?
They break down large chemicals in dead organisms into small chemicals. “Natures Recyclers” They return
basic chemicals to the environment for other living things to use.
18. Which of the following is an example of indirect contact that spreads some infectious diseases?
a. Touching an infected person
b. Animal bites
c. Hugging and infected person
d. Inhaling infected drops of moisture
19. What is the best treatment for many viral infections?
Bed Rest, drinking lots of fluids, and eating well-balanced meals.
20. Of the 4 disease listed below, which one is caused by a virus?
a. Tetnus
b. Chicken pox
c. Strep throat
d. Tuberculosis
21. Why are viruses considered non-living?
They do not have all the characteristics essential for life.
22. The term “anti-biotic resistant” refers to bacteria that is what?
Able to survive in the presence of an antibiotic.
23. How do bacteria multiply?
Asexual reproduction:
Binary Fission – one cell divides to form two identical cells.
Sexual reproduction:
Conjugation – one bacterium transfer some of its genetic material into another bacterium through a
thin, threadlike bridge that joins the two cells.
Endospore Formation
Endospore is a small rounded thick-walled resting cell that forms inside a bacterial cell and contains
the cell’s genetic material. It can survive for many years in extremely harsh conditions, and then open and
mulitiply when conditions become favorable.
24. Which of the following stimulate a person’s body to produce chemicals that destroy virsus or bacteria?
a. Antibiotic
b. Vaccine
c. Toxin
d. Endospore
25. Define the following:
a. Eukaryotes - is any organism whose cells contain a nucleus and other structures (organelles) enclosed
within membranes
b. Prokaryotes – An organism whose cells lack a nucleus and some other cell structures
26. What are the different shapes of viruses?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Round
Robot like
Tube shaped
Bullet-shaped
27. What are the different shapes of bacteria?
a. Spherical
b. Rodlike
c. spiral
Use the following diagram to answer the question below
28. Explain what would happen if some of the red blood cells were placed in beaker A.
29.
In A, the concentration of water outside the cells would be greater than the concentration of water inside
the cells. Water would move into the cells by osmosis, causing them to swell.
29. Explain what would happen if some of the red blood cells were placed in beaker B.
In B, the concentration of water outside the cells would be lower than the concentration of water inside the
cells. Water would move out of the cells by osmosis, causing them to shrink.
30. In the human body, blood cells float in a watery liquid called plasma. Explain what would happen if some of the
red blood cells were placed in beaker C.
31.
In C, the concentration of water would be the same inside and outside the cells, because plasma is the
normal environment for the cells. The cells would keep their normal shape.
32. Many single-celled organisms that live in fresh water have contractile vacuoles, which remove excess water from
their cytoplasm. Why does the environment in which these organisms live make contractile vacuoles important?
33.
In fresh water, the concentration of water outside the cells is greater than the concentration of water inside
the cells. If the water that moves into the cells by osmosis is not removed, the cells will swell and burst.