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Chapter 11
The Expanding Nation
Jefferson as President
ASK THE STUDENTS...
to look up and learn the following vocabulary terms:
judicial review, Thomas Jefferson, William Marbury, John Marshall,
Marbury v. Madison
I. The Republican Victory (Objective 1, pp. 298—299)
A. Jefferson’s Inauguration
1. Large crowds attended the inauguration of Thomas Jefferson in March 1801.
2. John Adams, whom Jefferson had defeated, refused to attend.
3. Republicans had won control of the White House and both houses of Congress.
4. Inauguration marked first transfer of power from one political party to another in U.S.
history; peaceful transfer of power a rare achievement at that time.
B. Inaugural Address
1. Jefferson stressed that he supported will of the majority but opposed mob rule.
2. Tried to reassure Federalists that he would run the government fairly and called for
unity between political parties.
ASKTHE STUDENTS...
1. Why would Republican control of Congress work to Jefferson’s advantage? With his
party controlling Congress, Jefferson would be able to get congressional support for
many of his plans.
2. Why was the transfer of power from the Federalists to the Republicans significant?
marked first transfer of power from one party to another in U.S. history, and peaceful
transitions of power were unusual at that time
II. Jefferson in Office (Objective 2, pp. 299—300)
A. Putting Republican Ideas into Practice
1. Jefferson chose James Madison as secretary of state and Albert Gallatin as secretary of
the treasury.
2. Jefferson lowered military spending, reduced the size of the army and the navy.
3. Hoped to use savings from military cuts to repay the national debt
4. Eliminated domestic taxes, such as the whiskey tax
B. Relations with the Federalists
1. Jefferson kept the Bank of the United States, which the Federalists had estab lished and
he had opposed, because the banking system seemed practical.
2. Replaced a number of Federalist officials with Republican appointees
ASK THE STUDENTS...
What Federalist program did Jefferson decide to keep, and why?
Bank of the United States; because the banking system seemed practical
III. Marbury v. Madison (Objective 3, pp. 300—301)
A. New Judicial Offices
1. Before Jefferson took office as president, Federalists in Congress passed a law creating
many new judgeships and court offices.
2. President John Adams appointed Federalists to fill these positions.
3. When Jefferson took office, some of these Federalists had not yet received their special
commissions authorizing their appointments.
4. Jefferson ordered James Madison not to issue the papers.
B. Marbury’s Case
1. William Marbury, one of the people who had not received a commission, asked the
U.S. Supreme Court to order the executive branch to issue the document.
2. Claimed the Judiciary Act of 1789 gave the court this power
C. The Court’s Ruling
1. John Marshall, chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, was a Federalist who disagreed
with President Jefferson about many issues.
2. Supreme Court ruled in Marbury v. Madison that the Supreme Court did not have the
power to force the executive branch to give Marbury his paper.
3. Declared the Judiciary Act of 1789, which gave the court this power, was
unconstitutional, or not allowed by the Constitution
4. Case established the power of judicial review—the power of the U.S. Supreme Court
to declare an act of Congress to be unconstitutional.
ASK THE STUDENTS...
Why was the court’s decision in Marbury v. Madison significant?
established the power of judicial review, which is the US. Supreme Court’s power to
declare an act of Congress to be unconstitutional
Lecture Notes
Chapter 10
The Expanding Nation
The Louisiana Purchase
ASK THE STUDENTS...
to look up and learn the following vocabulary terms:
Napoleon Bonaparte, Toussaint-Louverture, Louisiana Purchase, Meriwether Lewis,
William Clark, Lewis and Clark expedition, Sacagawea, Zebulon Pike
I. French Louisiana (Objective 1, pp. 302-303)
A. French Ambitions
1. The leader of France, General Napoleon Bonaparte, wanted to rebuild France’s empire
in North America.
2. Planned to send troops to Louisiana
3. First, needed to recapture the former French colony of St. Domingue (present-day
Haiti) to establish a supply base near Louisiana.
4. Enslaved Africans had taken over St. Domingue in the 1 790s to gain freedom.
5. Former enslaved African Toussaint-Louverture ruled the island.
6. Napoleon’s army failed to retake the island in 1802.
B. American Concerns
1. Jefferson learned that Spain had returned Louisiana to France and feared that French
control of the region would block U.S. western expansion.
2. With control of New Orleans, France could also interfere with American trade along
the Mississippi River.
ASK THE STUDENTS...
Why were U.S. leaders concerned about French control of Louisiana?
could block U.S. westward expansion and interfere with American trade along the
Mississippi River
II. The Louisiana Purchase (pp. 303—304)
A. Jefferson told the U.S. ambassador to France to make an offer to buy New Orleans and
West Florida from France.
B. A Surprising Offer
1. French officials offered to sell all of Louisiana to the United States.
2. France needed money because it was about to go to war against Britain.
( Expanding Nation, Section 2, co
3. Napoleon also hoped that if the United States owned Louisiana, it could challenge
Britain’s power in North America.
C. A Growing Nation
1. U.S. diplomats signed treaty to buy Louisiana for $15 million.
2. Jefferson feared that he did not have the constitutional power to buy Louisiana but
agreed to the purchase because it was in the country’s best interest.
3. The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 almost doubled the size of the United States.
ASK THE STUDENTS...
Why did Napoleon want to sell Louisiana?
needed money for an approaching war against Britain; wanted United States to chal lenge
Britain’s power in North America
III. Mission of Discovery (Objective 2, p. 305)
A. Jefferson planned an expedition to explore western lands.
B. Meriwether Lewis, who had served as Jefferson’s assistant, led the expedition.
C. Lieutenant William Clark was co-leader.
IV. The Lewis and Clark Expedition (p. 306)
A. In May 1804 the Lewis and Clark expedition set out from St. Louis, in present-day
Missouri.
B. Sacagawea, a Shoshone Indian woman, assisted the group.
C. Crossed Great Plains and Rocky Mountains; reached Pacific in November 1805
D. Returned to St. Louis in September 1806
E. Expedition learned much about western lands and paths, established relations with
several American Indian groups, and collected valuable scientific information.
V. Pike’s Exploration (Objective 3, p. 307)
A. Zebulon Pike led an expedition to find the source of the Red River and perhaps to spy
on settlements in New Spain.
B. Explored Rocky Mountains in present-day Colorado, climbed mountain now known as
Pike’s Peak, continued into present-day New Mexico and Spanish-held lands, where the
Spanish arrested him
C. After released, Pike reported that the Southwest offered good business opportunities
for Americans.
ASK THE STUDENTS...
What region of the United States did Zebulon Pike explore?
Rocky Mountains in present-day Colorado and the Southwest
SECTION 3 Lecture Notes
Chapter 11
The Expanding Nation
The Coming of War
ASK THE STUDENTS...
to look up and learn the following vocabulary terms:
impressment, embargo, Embargo Act, Non-Intercourse Act,
Tecumseh, Battle of Tippecanoe, War Hawks, James Madison
I Danger on the High Seas (Objective 1, PP. 308—309)
A. U.S. Navy sent to end pirate raids conducted by North African countries called the
Barbary States.
B. Problems with Great Britain
1. United States supplied goods and war materials to Great Britain and France, who went
to war in 1803.
2. Each nation passed laws to stop the United States from trading with its enemy.
3. The British stopped and seized American ships and also searched them for runaway
British sailors, who were then forced to return to the British navy.
4. Impressment, or forcing people to serve in the army or navy, angered the United
States, particularly when the British accidentally impressed some U.S. citizens.
II. A Trade War (pp. 309—3 10)
A. Many Americans called for an embargo, or the banning of trade, in response to
Britain’s violations of U.S. neutrality.
B. Trade Laws
1. Congress passed the Embargo Act, which banned trade with foreign nations.
2. Act damaged American economy, especially in New York and New England.
3. Replaced by Non-Intercourse Act, which banned trade with Britain, France, and their
colonies and stated the United States would resume trade with the first side
to stop violating U.S. neutrality
ASK THE STUDENTS...
What was the Embargo Act, and what effect did it have on the United States?
law banning U.S. trade with foreign nations; damaged the US. economy
III. The Rise of Tecumseh (Objective 2, p. 310)
A. American Indians and American settlers in Northwest Territory clashed again.
B. British aided these American Indian groups in hopes of limiting U.S. expansion.
C. Shawnee chief Tecumseh tried to unite American Indians against the United States.
IV. War on the Frontier (p. 311)
A. William Henry Harrison, governor of Indiana Territory, saw Tecumseh as a threat. B.
In 1810 in the Battle of Tippecanoe, Harrison’s forces defeated American Indian
forces, which caused Tecumseh to lose much of his support.
ASK THE STUDENTS...
What was Tecumseh’s goal?
He hoped to unite American Indians against the United States.
V. The War Debate (Objective 3, p. 312)
A. The War Hawks
1. War Hawks were members of Congress who favored war against Great Britain.
2. Leaders included Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun; support strongest in South, West
3. Saw war as only answer, and some hoped war might expand the United States
B. Opposition
1. Federalists in New England feared war with Britain would hurt the economy.
2. Other Americans argued that war was unnecessary and costly and that the U.S. military
was not prepared to fight powerful Britain.
ASK THE STUDENTS...
Why did people in New England oppose war with Great Britain?
feared that war with Britain would hurt the economy
VI. A Declaration of War (pp. 312—313)
A. President James Madison, a Republican who had been elected in 1808, told Congress
that Britain was already in a state of war against the nation.
B. Congress Acts
1. Southern and western representatives in Congress voted for war.
2. Delaware, New England states, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania opposed war.
3. War Hawks won, and Congress declared war for the first time in U.S. history.
ASK THE STUDENTS...
In what regions of the United States was support for war strongest?
strongest in the southern and western regions
The Expanding Nation
The War of 1812
ASK THE STUDENTS...
to look up and learn the following vocabulary terms:
Oliver Hazard Perry, Battle of Lake Erie, Battle of the Thames, Red Eagle, Andrew
Jackson, Battle of Horseshoe Bend, Battle of New Orleans, Hartford Convention, Treaty
of Ghent
I. The War at Sea (Objective 1, pp. 314—315)
A. Advantages and Disadvantages
1. U.S. Navy had fewer than 20 ships, while the British had hundreds.
2. U.S. government licensed private ships to attack British merchant ships.
3. Early in war, most British naval ships were scattered far from the United States.
4. U.S. Navy had well-trained sailors and new warships that carried more cannons than
most British ships of the same size.
B. Early in war, several U.S. ships defeated British ships in one-on-one duels.
C. Britain then turned to patrolling seas in large groups and blockading U.S. ports.
ASK THE STUDENTS...
What advantage did the U.S. Navy have over the British navy early in the war? American
privateers, well-trained sailors, new warships that had more cannons than British ships of
the same size, few British naval ships near the United States
II. The Canadian Border (Objectives 1 and 2, p. 316)
A. Americans attempted to invade Canada, but British force, aided by American Indians
under Tecumseh, defeated U.S. force and captured Fort Detroit.
B. The Great Lakes
1. By the end of 1812, the British controlled the strategic Great Lakes region.
2. Captain Oliver Hazard Perry commanded a small U.S. fleet on Lake Erie.
3. At the Battle of Lake Erie in September 1813, Perry’s fleet defeated British forces,
which were forced to withdraw.
III. The Frontier War (Objective 2, pp. 316—317)
A. Tecumseh and the British
1. After Perry’s victory, William Henry Harrison pursued British into Canada.
The Expanding Nation, Section 4
2. At the Battle of the Thames in October 1813, Harrison’s forces defeated the British
and their American Indian allies.
3. Tecumseh killed in battle, which weakened the Indian-British alliance.
4. Victory secured U.S. border with Canada.
B. The Creek War
1. Creek force, led by Chief Red Eagle, took a U.S. fort in present-day Alabama.
2. General Andrew Jackson led U.S. forces against the Creek.
3. At the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814, U.S. forces defeated the Creek force.
4. Victory ended Creek War, and Creek forced to give up millions of acres of land.
ASK THE STUDENTS...
\‘\Thy was the victory in the Battle of the Thames significant for the United States?
secured U.S. border with Canada, ended threat from Tecumseh
IV. The British on the Offensive (Objective 3, pp. 317—318)
A. In 1814 Britain sent more troops and strengthened its blockade of U.S. ports. B.
British forces sacked Washington but failed to take Fort McHenry in Baltimore.
V. The Battle of New Orleans (p. 318)
A. British forces launched attack on New Orleans.
B. American forces defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans.
VI. Ending the War (Objective 4, p. 319)
A. The Hartford Convention
1. New England Federalists against the war met at the Hartford Convention.
2. Some delegates wanted New England to withdraw from the United States.
3. Delegates decided to send a group to Congress to demand states’ rights.
4. War ended; Federalists were accused of treason and lost much political power.
B. The Peace Treaty
1. The Treaty of Ghent ended the War of 1812 on December 24, 1814.
2. Each nation returned all the territory it had conquered; treaty provided no solutions to
problems of impressment or trade
3. Both sides agreed to continue to work on these problems once there was peace.
ASK THE STUDENTS...
\‘Vhat were the terms of the Treaty of Ghent?
ended war, both sides returned all territory, agreed to discuss other problems later