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OBJECTIVES
Chapter 1
1. Briefly describe unifying themes that pervade the science of biology.
1. The living world is a hierarchy, each level of biological structure has emergent properties, cells are an
organism’s basic units of structure and function, continuity of life based on heritable info. in the form of
DNA, structure and function are correlated at all levels of biological organization, organisms are open
systems that interact continuously with their environments, regulatory mechanisms ensure a dynamic
balance in living sys.
2. Diagram the hierarchy of structural levels in biology.
2. Kingdom ,Phylum ,Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
3. Explain how the properties of life emerge from complex organization.
3.W/ each step upward in the hierarchy new props. emerge,they come from interactions b/w components
4. Describe seven emergent properties associated with life.
4. order, reproduction, growth and developement, energy utilization,response to the environment,
homeostasis,evolutionary adaptation
5. Explain how technological breakthroughs contributed to the formulation of the
cell theory and our current knowledge of the cell.
5.Invention of microscope helped see clearer into this tiny world
6. Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
6. Eu. cells found in large organisms, many compartments of organelles, pro. don’t have as much
organelles and R. smaller.
7. Explain, in their own words, what is meant by "form fits function."
7. It means that for example u don’t use a hammer to take out a screw, u use a screwdriver
8. List the five kingdoms of life and distinguish among them.
8. Monera, protista, plantae,fungi,animalia
9. Outline the scientific method.
9. know this
10. Distinguish between inductive and deductive reasoning.
10. deductive is common sense, inductive is critical thinking
11. Explain how science and technology are interdependent.
11. As technology increases it becomes easier for us to get scientific discoveries and the breakthroughs in
science could lead to technological advancement.
Chapter 2
1. Define element and compound.
1.element=simple substance, compound=two or more combined elements
2. State four elements essential to life that make up 96% of living matter.
2. carbon, oxygen,nitrogen,hydrogen
3. Describe the structure of an atom.
3. Atom made-up of subatomic particles,neutrons,electrons, protons
4. Define and distinguish among atomic number, mass number, atomic weight, and valence.
4. atomic #=# of protons in atom of element,mass #= # of protons plus neutrons, atomic weight= total
atomic mass or mass #, valence= bonding capacity
5. Given the atomic number and mass number of an atom, determine the number of neutrons.
5. yes
6. Explain the octet rule and predict how many bonds an atom might form.
6. know it
7. Define electronegativity and explain how it influences the formation of chemical bonds.
7. electronegativity is attraction of an electron of a covalent bond, it could change formations of molecules
like water
8. Distinguish among nonpolar covalent, polar covalent and ionic bonds.
8. polar covalent bonds have = electronegativity nonpolar attract the whole electron and ionic elements
completely take or give up their electrons to have a complete valence shell
9. Describe the formation of a hydrogen bond and explain how it differs from a covalent or ionic bond.
9. when one atom is attracted to two electronegative atoms
Chapter 3
1. Describe how water contributes to the fitness of the environment to support life.
1.organisms depend on water to survive
2. Describe the structure and geometry of a water molecule, and explain what properties
emerges as a result of this structure.
2. adhesion, cohesion, specific heat, freezes solid, solvent of life, 1 oxygen 2 hydro, helps cling on and
seperate
3. Explain the relationship between the polar nature of water and its ability to form
hydrogen bonds.
3. since water is polar it has opposite charges at opposite ends which will attract molecules and thus give
water its props.
4. List five characteristics of water that are emergent properties resulting from hydrogen bonding.
4. cohesion, adhesion, specific heat,solvent of life and ice floats
5. Describe the biological significance of the cohesiveness of water.
5. helps plants
6. Explain how water's high specific heat, high heat of vaporization and expansion upon
freezing affect both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.
6. high specific heat helps us b/c water will attract the heat and control temp. help the fish so they won’t
boil, helps fish when it freezes b/c it soesn’t go down and kill everything in it, gives us ice
7. Explain how the polarity of the water molecule makes it a versatile solvent.
7. slowly water will attract ions w/ its different charges and seperate them
8. Write the equation for the dissociation of water, and explain what is actually transferred from one
molecule to another.
8. h2o =h+ + oh- , watere seperation turns into one hydro ion and hydroxide ion
9. Explain the basis for the pH scale.
9. basis foe ph scale is to measure substance acidity
Chapter 4
1. Explain how carbon’s electron configuration determines the kinds and number of bonds
carbon will form.
1.b/c carbon will attract as much electrons as it needs and the 3 of electrons it needs will determine # of
bonds
2. Describe how carbon skeletons may vary, and explain how this variation contributes to
the diversity and complexity of organic molecules.
2. carbon skeletons may be branched or straight, or double bonded, so atoms could fit in available sites and
create different things
3. Recognize the major functional groups, and describe the chemical properties of organic
molecules in which they occur.
3. hydroxyl, carbonyl carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate
Chapter 5
1. List the four major classes of biomolecules.
1. proteins,lipids,fats ,amino acids
2. Describe how covalent linkages are formed and broken in organic polymers.
2. condensation, dehydration reactions
3. Describe the distinguishing characteristics of carbohydrates, and explain how they are classified.
3. know it
4. Identify a glycosidic linkage and describe how it is formed.
4. know it
5. Describe the important biological functions of polysaccharides.
5. storage materials , hydrolyzed as needed to provide sugar for cells.
6. Explain what distinguishes lipids from other major classes of macromolecules.
6. no affinity for water
7. Describe the unique properties, building block molecules and biological importance of the three
important groups of lipids: fats, phospholipids and steroids.
7. fats- fatty acid and glycerol phosopholipids- same as fats steroids- carbon skeleton
8. Distinguish between a saturated and unsaturated fat
8. saturated no double bonds, unsaturated has double bonds
9. Describe the characteristics that distinguish proteins from the other major classes of
macromolecules, and explain the biologically important functions of this group.
10. List and recognize four major components of an amino acid
10. carboxyl, hydrgen, amino groups
11. Define primary structure
11. unique sequence of amino acids
12. Explain how weak interactions and disulfide bridges contribute to tertiary protein
structure.
13. Describe quaternary protein structure.
13. overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of these polypeptide units.
14. Define denaturation and explain how proteins may be denatured.
15. Describe the characteristics that distinguish nucleic acids from the other major groups
of macromolecules.
15. Summarize the functions of nucleic acids.
16. List the major components of a nucleotide
17. Distinguish between a pyrimidine and a purine.
18. Briefly describe the three-dimensional structure of DNA.
Chapter 6
1. Explain the role of catabolic and anabolic pathways in the energy exchanges of cellular metabolism.
1. catobolic get energy from breaking down molecules to make simpler ones , anabolic get energy from
getting simple one to make complex ones.
2. Distinguish between kinetic and potential energy.
2. KE is during movement PE is at rest
4. Explain, in their own words, the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics.
4. universe closed sys. transfer of energy makes universe disordered
13. Describe the function of ATP in the cell.
13. ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic to endergonic reactions
14. List the three components of ATP and identify the major class of macromolecules of which it belongs.
15. Explain how ATP performs cellular work.
19. Explain the relationship between enzyme structure and enzyme specificity.
19 enzyme structure is like a lock and key only one key could open the lock
20. Explain the induced fit model of enzyme function and describe the catalytic
cycle of an enzyme.
22. Explain how substrate concentration affects the rate of an enzyme-controlled
reaction.
23. Explain how enzyme activity can be regulated or controlled by environmental
conditions, cofactors, enzyme inhibitors and allosteric regulators.
24. Distinguish between allosteric activation and cooperativity.