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Unit 10 – Ideals and Realities of Reconstruction, 1865-1877
I. What were problems of peace after the Civil War?
A. How to rebuild the south as inflation was soaring, railroads were destroyed, agriculture and
livestock were depleted greatly, and cities were crippled?
B. How to bring the 11 seceding states back into the Union?
C. Who will lead the process of Reconstruction? The US Congress or the President
D. What to do with Confederate leaders?
E. What to do with the approx. 4 million freed slaves?
F. How to get beyond the bitterness created by the Civil War? (Forgive and Forget???)
II. What were the rights of blacks after the Civil War?
A. Did blacks have freedoms after the Civil War? Blacks gained rights slowly and inconsistently
even after the US Government legislated their freedoms.
B. What types of freedoms did blacks enjoy after emancipation?
1. Freedom of movement = Many sought to find family members. Some became
EXODUSTORS moving west to areas like Kansas to become cowboys and ranchers
against the advice of Frederick Douglass who wanted them to stay in the south and develop
the freedom they had now attained.
2. Freedom of worship = Baptist and Episcopal churches
3. Freedom of education = Women mostly responsible for educating blacks after the war
through agencies like the American Missionary Association.
4. Freedom of employment = in the south blacks continued to work in the cotton fields, in the
west they became cowboys, and in the north they worked in factories where many Irish
resented them as they competed for jobs.
C. What was the Freedmen’s Bureau?
1. Abolitionists pushed for the creation of the FB because they wanted to help blacks adjust to
their new freedoms. It was created by Congress in 1865.
2. The leader of the FB was General Oliver Howard who was sympathetic towards blacks
during antebellum. He later became the President of Howard University.
3. The goal of the FB was to make freedom a REALITY for blacks by helping feed, adjust,
and educate former slaves. The number of free blacks in south was approx. 4 million and in
some deep southern states like SC, Georgia, Missip, Ala, Florida, and Louis they
outnumbered whites.
* teach various skills and trades like masonry and carpentry
* provide food and clothing
* give medical care and attention
* teach reading and writing
* give 40 acres and a mule to each head of household
4. How could the FB be summarized?
* Their greatest success occurred in education.
* The other provisions outlined by the FB largely were not achieved.
* According to some the FB was a primitive form of welfare.
5. How did the south view the FB? As a meddling, unnecessary and inappropriate
government agency involving itself in states rights and southern life when it had no right to
do so.
6. A UNION LEAGUE was also created to help educate blacks on their civic duties as US
citizens.
D. What Constitutional AMENDMENTS were created to guarantee civil rights for blacks?
1. 13th Amendment 1865 = abolishment of slavery
2. 14th Amendment 1868 = citizenship and due process
3. 15th Amendment 1869 = right to vote
* What about voting rights for women?
- The consensus was that America could not handle too much change at one
time and despite all their help in getting blacks their freedoms and rights they
were not given the right to vote in 1869 when black males were given the right
to vote. Frederick Douglass voiced the opinion of many when he said women
must wait their turn.
- Women like Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton formed the
Women’s Suffrage Association to add an Amendment giving women the vote
(Note: with the vote extended to black males the south now received more representation in
Congress which worried many northerners)
III. What were the REALITIES for blacks after the Civil War?
A. How was the impact of the 13th Amendment limited?
1. SHARECROPPING (also called tenant farming or lien farming) = rent land and pay for
the rent with the crops produced on that land. Slavery could be considered to return with the
emergence of sharecroppers got into an endless cycle of perpetual debt to the same people
who were once their slave masters.
2. Percentages (%’s) = In some areas the percentage of sharecroppers reached 80% with high
concentrations in the deep south. 90% of the approx. 4 million slaves continued to live in
the south after the war.
B. How was the impact of the 14th Amendment limited?
1. BLACK CODES = STATE laws restricting the rights, freedoms, and movements of blacks
* The goal was to guarantee white supremacy in the south and to ensure constant
supply of cheap labor. Basically they would return blacks to a position of servility.
* Examples:
- can’t rent or buy land, can’t borrow money, can’t vote, can’t be vagrant and
many more
2. JIM CROW LAWS = STATE laws enforcing segregation in society
* The goal was again to guarantee white supremacy (mud seal theory) and keep the
two diverse cultures distinctly separate from one another.
* A book called Uncle Remus by Joel Harris portrayed slavery as a harmonious world
in which each race new its place and the Jim Crow Laws and the Black Codes
helped to bring back the harmony.
* Examples:
- segregation in virtually all public areas in bathrooms, water fountains, park
benches, restaurants, hotels, etc……..
3. What was President Andrew Johnson’s position on the black codes and Jim Crow laws?
* He approved the Codes and Laws of the southern states
* He advised the southern states to reject the 14th Amendment
4. How did the US Supreme Court view the Black Codes and Jim Crow laws?
* Slaughterhouse cases 1873 = US Government only protect rights of citizens in those
areas controlled by the federal govt. like Post Offices which allowed states to
determine the rights of citizens in most areas.
* Cruikshank v US 1876 = US Govt. cannot punish those who oppress black people
which gave authority to states to handle any infringements on the rights of black
people.
* Plessy v Ferguson 1898 = US Govt. cannot force states to integrate which allowed
the constitutionality of separate but equal meaning as long as the two separate areas
are equal separation or segregation of the races was legal.
* Summary = the US Supreme Court through its decisions legitimized the Black
Codes and Jim Crow laws.
(Abolitionists and northerners began to ask questions such as: who won the
Civil War and was the Civil War fought in vain?)
C. How was the impact of the 15th Amendment limited?
1. LITERACY TEST = blacks must pass a test on American government in order to vote
2. POLL TAX = blacks must pay a fee in order to vote
3. GRANDFATHER CLAUSE = blacks must have had their Grandfather vote in the
Presidential election of 1860 in order to vote.
4. Open voting booths = no privacy so people could see and find out who a person voted for
which led to the intimidation of many black voters.
5. How did the US Supreme Court view the voting right of blacks?
* Reese v US 1876 = US Govt. cannot stop state officials from preventing blacks from
voting.
* Williams v Mississippi 1898 = Upheld the legality of the state literacy tests.
6. CARPETBAGGERS = Northerners who moved to the south to make fortunes for
themselves. Many were former Freedmen’s Bureau agents who promised to take care of
blacks as long as the blacks voted for them. Often times after voted into office they were
more concerned about their own power than with helping blacks in the south.
7. SCALAWAGS = Southerners who betrayed their fellow southerner to make fortunes for
themselves. Many of them like the Carpetbaggers promised to help blacks but also did little
to help them once in power.
8. The north after the Civil War for a time only had 6 states that permitted blacks to vote
9. Blacks did experience some short lived success in voting especially in the Deep South
where they outnumbered whites which led to numerous blacks being elected into office
such as:
* Hiram Revels in Mississippi as a Senator replacing the seat held by Jefferson Davis
* Blanche Bruce in Mississippi as a Representative
(white southerners referred to this “Negro Rule”)
D. How was the impact of the Freedmen’s Bureau limited?
1. Lack of application by southern states
2. Lack of enforcement by the US Government
3. An extension of the FB was vetoed by President Johnson. Johnson’s veto was overridden
by Congress but he still encouraged the southern states to ignore the FB. Johnson was
chosen by Lincoln as his VP in 1864 to get votes from the Border States as he was the only
US Senator from the south that did secede. He was from Tennessee. He was from a poor
background and he did not like the southern plantation elite as he believed like Hinton
Helper that many poor southern whites were limited by the plantation elite. The reality of
politics with the white vote as blacks could not vote likely led Johnson to forget or neglect
blacks. He also sympathized with state rights.
E. What were some other realities that limited the rights and freedoms of blacks after the Civil War?
1. The economy of the US as many in the north and the south became more concerned with
stabilizing the US economy rather than ensuring the rights of blacks.
2. The racism that still existed in America in both the south and the north.
3. The political corruption at the federal, state, and local levels of government that led to a
lack of focus on providing rights for blacks.
4. The rise of the Ku Klux Klan (the Invisible Empire of the South)
* The goal of the KKK was to maintain power, keep the peace, and protect southern
whites from the approx. 4 million free blacks roaming in the south. The blacks and
inferior races must be controlled and their powers and rights limited otherwise
CHAOS will ensue in the south and America.
* Means of control was through economic and physical intimidation and violence if
needed. Blacks who voted republican would often be denied credit at stores, denied
ability to rent, and possibly beaten or killed.
* The KKK was active in most southern states and extremely effective in limiting the
freedoms of blacks. The KKK had a variety of different names and groups.
- The KKK was first formed in Tennessee and most active in South Carolina
- Lynching in the south was common with 184 being recorded in 1885 and 179
in 1895 with many more likely being done but not recorded. White
sympathizers and carpetbaggers also were lynched.
- The FORCE ACT of 1870 and President Grant sent troops to stop the KKK
and protect blacks and their freedoms but it was too little too late. By 1870
most blacks had learned to accept sharecropping, limited freedoms, no ability
to vote, and to survive without help or protection. The intimidation of the
KKK had worked.
* Viewpoints of the KKK
- a peacekeeping organization
- a terrorist organization
- both a peace and terror organization
IV. How will the Union between the north and the south be RECONSTRUCTED? (Reconciliation)
A. What were problems and questions of Reconstruction?
1. The bitterness created by the war with approx. 620,000 dead and 1 million injured and the
destruction of the southern economy and its way of life.
2. How to handle the freedmen (free blacks) of approx. 4 million which was 12.5% of US
population of 30 million?
- North = many northerners like the amendments (13, 14, 15) but do little to enforce
them leaving the enforcement up to the states
- South = many southerners ignore amendments and support Jim Crow laws and Black
Codes
- Abolitionists and radical republicans = enforce the amendments and help them with
the Freedmen’s Bureau and confiscate land from southern plantations to give to the
freedmen.
3. How to handle the 11 southern states that seceded?
- 1st approach = the southern states never legally left the Union so they are still a part
of the Union and the debt of the Confederacy should be cancelled.
- 2nd approach = the southern states were no longer part of the Union. They forfeited
their rights as states committing state suicide. They were a conquered nation and will
be treated as such.
4. How to handle Confederate politicians, officers, soldiers, and civilians?
- 1st approach = pardon all of them with no voting or civic restrictions
- 2nd approach = pardon only but not leading politicians or officers
- 3rd approach = pardon no one with many voting and civic restrictions
5. Who will control the process of Reconstruction?
- 1st approach = the President
- 2nd approach = Congress
B. What were the Plans of Reconstruction?
1. Lincoln’s Plan = he formulated it in 1863 after Gettysburg and his view on the south w as
that they never left the Union legally and therefore did not forfeit their rights as states and
as citizens. They were not a conquered nation. He devised the 10% plan where 10% of
voters in a state who voted in the 1860 election must take an oath of allegiance to America
and to the Emancipation Proclamation in order to be readmitted back into the Union. He
did not allow any high ranking CSA official to participate and he did not address civil
liberties and voting of blacks. He wanted to mend the country and reunify the country as
soon as possible. He firmly believed the President should control Reconstruction
constitutionally not Congress.
- Tenn., Ark., and Louis. met the requirements to rejoin under Lincoln’s Plan in 1864
but congress denied their re-admittance.
- Radical republicans like Thaddeus Stevens in the House and Charles Sumner in the
Senate led the vote to deny their re-admittance. They wanted to disenfranchise the
southerners (no vote)
2. Congressional Plan mainly by the radical republicans led by Stevens and Sumner = they
concluded that the southern states committed state suicide forfeiting all their rights as states
and must be considered a conquered nation. The old south must not return and their voting
power must be restricted especially since they have more representatives because of black
population counting for citizenship. They devised the WADE – DAVIS Bill in 1864 where
southern states had to have 50% of those voting in the election of 1860 take an iron clad
oath of allegiance to the Union before re-admittance into the Union. They firmly believed
that Congress Constitutionally controlled Reconstruction.
- The iron clad oath meant that a southerner could not be counted in the 50% if they
ever were disloyal to the Union which would make re-admittance virtually
impossible in the near future. They feared the return of the Old South of antebellum.
They also demanded that CSA pay back its war debt.
- Lincoln pocket vetoed the Wade – Davis Bill meaning he did not sign it or repeal it
and just let it die on its own because Congress would be out of session within 10
days so there was no need to do either. It is in its affect just like a veto. Congress then
created the Wade – Davis Manifesto that stated Congress controls Reconstruction not
the President. The Texas v. White Supreme Court case validated the Manifesto and a
Joint House Committee of 15 members was formed to keep the south out of the
Union and keep CSA officials from returning to the US Senate and Reps.
- Moderate Congressional Republicans wanted to protect the freedmen but did not
want to interfere in states rights
- Some radical republicans were said to be secretly happy when Lincoln was
assassinated as thought Johnson would follow their lead on Reconstruction which
was a total miscalculation
3. Johnson’s Plan = he adopted Lincoln’s 10% Plan. The plan passed and was adopted in 1865
but most southern states did not accept the provisions of the Plan. Johnson cancelled the
debt of the CSA and created an Amnesty Act which pardoned CSA officials and generals
allowing them to vote and be re-elected to the US Congress. The CSA vice president
Alexander Stephens was elected as a US Senator. He sanctioned or approved the Black
Codes and the Jim Crow laws. He tried to stop the extension of the Freedmen’s Bureau
through his veto and also tried to stop the 14th Amendment and encouraged southern states
to not adopt the 14th Amendment. Tenn. was the only southern state at the time that
accepted the 14th Amendment. All but Texas accepted Johnson’s plan and came back into
the Union easily. Johnson called Reconstruction Restoration.
C. How did Johnson and the radical republicans in Congress battle?
- Johnson tours the country speaking trying to get the radical republicans out of Congress in
the elections of 1866 in his swing around the circle tour. He failed as rad reps were re-voted
into office.
- Radical Republicans then sought to remove Johnson from the Presidency by creating the
TENURE of OFFICE ACT in 1867 which forbid the President from removing a cabinet
member without the consent of Congress. The radicals knew Johnson would fire Secretary of
War Edwin Stanton once he found out Stanton was informing them on his plans. Johnson
found out and fired Stanton and said the Tenure of Office Act was unconstitutional. The rads
then moved to impeach Johnson in the House of Representatives for high crimes and
misdemeanors. They succeeded so he was then put on trial in the Senate to be removed as
President. Johnson was vote shy of the 2/3 majority needed to remove him from office.
Johnson became a lame duck President with little impact after the impeachment success and
trial acquittal of him.
D. What were the Civil Rights Acts of Reconstruction?
1. 1866 Civil Rights Act = citizenship and due process was given to blacks. Reduction of state
representation in Congress if deny blacks the right to vote. It also stated no CSA officers
could hold office and CSA debt was cancelled.
- Johnson vetoed the Act and so Congress created the 14th Amendment but the ¾
requirement of states needed to pass an amendment to the US Constitution was not
met so Congress created the MILITARY RECONSTRUCTION ACT 1866 which
divided the south into 5 military districts ruled by US military governors. The
southern states were then denied re-admittance into the Union until they ratified the
14th Amendment and the 15th Amendment. The 14th Amendment then passed as all
states accepted it except Tx., Missip., and Vir. being the only states not back in the
Union by 1871.
- the Ex-Parte Milligan case 1866 stated that the military could not put civilians on
trial. The Military Recon Act did expand the military to put civilians on trial in a
military setting.
2. 1875 Civil Rights Act = guaranteed equal treatment of blacks in America and in all public
places and allowed blacks to serve on juries. The act lacked adequate procedures to enforce
it and the decisions of the Supreme Court in numerous cases essentially made the Act
inconsequential as Jim Crow Laws and Black Codes reined in the southern states. The
south viewed the Act as an infringement of their Constitutional right because they believed
the US Government had neither power nor right to dictate to business owners who they had
to serve as customers. They concluded prejudice was not a crime but an individual
preference and right.
V. What was the Gilded Age?
It was a name given to the post Civil War times sarcastically by Mark Twain
A. Gilded a term meaning to keep certain standards and protect mutual interests. and Mark Twain
stated that the standards and interests of the Post Civil War are not worthy or being standards nor
worthy of being protected. He called the south a sham civilization.
B. Politicians of the post Civil War basically kept the status quo between 1865 and 1889
VI. What was the importance of the Election of 1868?
A. Ulysses S. Grant (Republican) v. Horatio Seymour (Democrat)
B. The campaigning of each
- Grant = vote as you shot, or wave the bloody shirt to bring up memories and loyalties of the
Civil War. Grant would continue to support Reconstruction.
- Seymour = the Governor of NY and he wanted to end Reconstruction and pledged to bring
back hard money getting rid of paper money not backed by gold
C. Result = Grant defeated Seymour by a narrow margin. In fact the black vote greatly helped Grant
win the election. The republicans as a result of the importance of the black vote sought to pass the
15th Amendment despite its unpopularity in the south as well as the north.
VII. What was the importance of the Election of 1872?
A. Grant (R) v. Horace Greeley (D)
B. “Liberal” Republicans formed into a third party because of their hatred of Grant and the policies of
the radical republicans and they nominated Horace Greeley, the editor of the NY Tribune
who said, “Go west young man go west” as their candidate. The democrats reluctantly
endorsed Greeley who had little political experience as their candidate as well.
C. Grant defeated Greeley easily with the slogan “Grant beat Jeff Davis and the South and Greeley
bailed Davis and the south out.”
VIII. What was the Era of Good Stealings? It referred to Grant’s terms as President from 1869 to 1877
A. What political system did Grant employ or use? the spoils system
1. His guide in political appointments being loyal to friends and family and as a result Grant’s
administration was filled with many dishonest men with the exception of Secretary of State
Hamilton Fish.
2. The corruptness of Grant’s people combined with the corruptness already existing and
growing in the Congress, in the Judicial System, and in the big businesses of the day like
Railroads created a “dubious” US political landscape hence the term gilded age by Mark
Twain.
B. What were the scandals during Grant’s terms?
1. Grant was given wine, cigars, horses, and much more for political favors and he indulged
himself in it. He was easily swayed because he had no firm political position.
2. Black Friday 1869= two millionaires Jim Fiske and Jay Gould schemed to control the gold
market. The plan involved getting Grant to stop the sale of all gold so they could then
madly build up the price of gold so nobody could buy gold but them. Grant agreed but
as the plan evolved the US Treasury released gold and Grant’s agreed to stop the plan but
only after many businessmen were ruined. Congress investigated the situation and
concluded that Grant was guilty of acting irresponsibly STUPID. Grant stated the he did it
thinking it would help out farmers.
3. Credit Mobilier 1872= owners of the Union Pacific RR created a “fake” or “dummy”
company called the Credit Mobilier Company. The government of America was already
paying them to build tracks across America and the plan involved hiring themselves
through the Credit Mobilier so that they could charge more $ ($50,000 instead of 30,000
per mile of track). They scandal started before Grant’s first term but he and many
Congressmen were aware of it and did nothing. Congressmen were bribed by big business
to keep quiet and only after NY newspaper exposed the scandal were two Congressmen and
the VP censured.
4. The Whisky Ring 1875= treasury tax officials were charging distillers less on the US Govt.
excise whiskey tax if the distillers paid them off somehow. Grant stated that no guilty
person involved in the scandal will escape punishment. Grant changed his mind once he
found out his private secretary was involved in the scandal and after he received more gifts.
5. The bribing of W. Belknap 1876= Grant’s Sec of War Belknap was selling the rights of
disbursing supplies to Indians on reserves to the company that paid him the most money.
He was impeached by the House of Reps but resigned before he would have been convicted
by the Senate. Grant accepted Belknap’s resignation with regret. It was also called the
Indian Ring scandal.
6. Sanborn Contract fraud= tax officials collect $427,000 in unpaid taxes for a 50%
commission and the money collected went to republican campaign funds.
7. Salary Grab Act= Congress voted to give Grant the president a 100% raise and Congress
themselves a 50% raise that would be applied retroactively over the past two years.
8. The BOSS Tweed ring in NYC= the Irish political center of Tammany Hall in NYC was
controlled by Tweed. Graft, fraud, and bribes were common. $200 million was stolen (a
plasterer was paid $138,000 for two days work). If people protested their taxes were raised. If
immigrants or anybody in the area didn’t vote the Tweed way they lost EVERYTHING. The
NY Times release evidence of the mass scandal in NYC in 1871 and cartoonist T. NAST
constantly berated Tweed. Tweed offers $5 mill to NAST for silence to no avail and Samuel
prosecutes Tweed and he us put in jail were he dies.
(GW Plunkitt takes over control of Tammany Hall and says yes there is dishonest graft
but there in also honest graft.)
(Corruption in politics and in society helped to effectively end Recon and efforts to
help blacks acquire lasting civil rights. Assess this statement.)
IX. What was the Panic (Depression) of 1873?
A. the causes= overproduction by factories, farms, mines, and RRs and bad loans, and the European
depression occurring at the same time, and the failures of major companies like Jay Cooke Finance
Company (Cooke= the northern financier of the Civil War), and corruption in government and
society as a whole. (Worst panic in US History to this time)
B. the result= 50,000 business’ go bankrupt as the economy grinds to a halt, efforts in Reconstruction
for blacks slow as people more concerned about the economy, and the value of $ becomes the central
issue of the times. (hard $ v cheap $)
C. the $$ MONEY $$ issue
1. Soft Money= comes in the form of GREENBACKS (paper money not backed by gold) or
in SILVER. The goal of soft money proponents is to create inflation and reduce the power of
money so people with debt can pay it off faster. They want money to be “elastic” to fit present
economy. They are willing to deal with rising prices to pay debts of faster.
2. Hard Money= money backed by actual worth (gold) The goal was to create contraction in
the money supply to let the debtors receive more money in “REAL” dollars. We want money
to be constant and not flexible.
3. The money issue was largely seen as a struggle between the rich and the poor.
4. Congress, according to the US Const., has the power to regulate money and in 1930’s
America went of the hard money system .In 1930’s, greenbacks were in full use as were based
off of America’s “good faith”; called FIAT money.
(What form of money do you prefer?)
X. What was the Presidential Election of 1876? (controversial)
A. Tilden the Dem won the popular vote and was one short of the number needed to get the necessary
electoral count and win the election but three southern states (Loui, FL, SC) submit 2 returns and
nobody knows which one should be counted. The south yelled Tilden or war again and the north was
not willing to compromise. Whoever gets the 3 states would win the election.
B. The electoral Count Act = a commission of 15 with 5 House of Reps, 5 Senators, and 5 Judges
was created to vote on who would get the electoral votes of FL, SC, and Loui and therefore win the
election. In the mix of 15 was 7 reps and 7 dems and one Independent. The Ind Justice D. Davis,
who leaned Rep, resigned and all the remaining Judges were Reps so Hayes becomes Pres in 1876.
The dems don’t agree to the outcome and the turmoil was not solved.
C. The Compromise of 1877 = Dems agreed to accept Hayes as Pres if the remainder of troops under
the Military Recon Act of 1866 were removed from SC, FL, and Loui and a promise given that a RR
will be built in the South with govt. subsidy. The compromise was agreed 3 days before Hayes would
take office. Hayes had agreed to such in all probability beforehand.
D. impact of controversy and the Compromise of 1877= crisis solved but at the expense of blacks as
radical reps and others in Congress gave up on trying to help blacks and securing their freedoms as
citizens. Recon finally ended with the Compromise of 1877.
(Redemption= south becomes free of reconstruction governments)
(Redeemers= after recon over the southern whites regain power in the New South like it was
the Old South)
(The south becomes the solid democratic south and the unreconstructed south)
The Amnesty Act pardoned all but 500 SCA leaders)
XI. Was Recon a success or a failure?
T. Stevens= “a success only if allowed to change economy of the south and protect blacks”
“Recon failed because it did not or could not change the local govts in the south”
XII. What was the Foreign policy of Johnson?
A. France in Mexico challenging Monroe Doctrine
1. After was Johnson sends General Sheidan to remove Maximilian’s regime in Mex
(Maximilian in Mex. Since 1862 for Napolean III of France)
2. After Sheridan Napolean III removes Maximilian (Napolean leaves Maximilian to be
executed by Mex firing squad)
3. Monroe Doctrine stands
B. Purchase of Alaska from Russia- “Seward’s Folly”
1. Russia approaches US wanting to sell Alaska (it’s too big, too costly, too far, too barren for
Russia to maintain so ask US for favor)
2. Sec of State Seward
a. an expansionist who pushes purchase through Congress
b. buys to help make Russia ally of US
c. purchase price= 7.2 million (2 cents per acre)
d. called “Seward’s Folly” of Seward’s “Icebox”
e. later Seward considered “all wise”= fur, fish, gold, oil, navy base
C. Republicans pass Acts in war that were pro-North= Transcontinental RR, raise tariffs, BUS
temporary
D. Treaty of Washington 1871 = Britain apologizes for selling Alabama to south and pays US $15.5
million for damages to northern ship caused by the southern ship raider Alabama. Sec. of State
Washington made the treaty with Britain.
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Chapter 10 Study Questions (Choose any 30)
How many were killed in the Civil War and what ship tragedy added to that number? 353
What were Lincoln’s goals for reuniting the nation and in your opinion was he shallow for not
demanding an entire moral and social transformation of the south? Explain your response. 354
What were the three distinct phases of Reconstruction and which in your opinion most appropriate?
354-55
Who was Johnson and what were his positions on slavery and secession and why did Lincoln choose
Johnson as his vice president in 1864 election? 356-57
What was the GAR and did war veterans deserve pensions and did veterans’ transition back to
civilian life well? Explain. 358
Does business increase in times of war, reference the Civil War? 358-59
Was the north at fault for the economic decline of the south? Explain 359-60
How did the south hurt their re-admittance into the Union? 361
Who were Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner and what was their view of the south and do you
agree with it? Explain 361
In your view, should the southern states be treated conquered territories that committed state suicide?
Explain 361
Why were Radical Republicans outraged over the re-admittance of some southern states? 362
What is your position on the statements made by Thaddeus Stevens and Frederick Douglas over the
focus of Reconstruction? 363
What is reparation and what is your position on them? Explain 363-64
What is sharecropping and what is your position on it? Explain 364-65
Who was Booker T. Washington and what did he advocate blacks to do? 366-67
What were black codes and what were some examples of them? Also, why were some “good” black
codes meaningless? 367-68
Why were a set of laws that placed huge license fees of job recruiters from other states considered to
be ingenious? 368
Summarize the Slaughterhouse case and the Cruikshank case and your opinion on them? 368-369
Compare the black codes of Florida with those of Tennessee’s? 368
Summarize the purpose and tactics of the KKK. 368-369
Who was O.O. Howard and what was the Freedmen’s Bureau? 369
What did O.O. Howard not foresee the Freedmen’s Bureau developing into and do you agree with
those conclusions? Explain 370
Why did Johnson make his Amnesty Proclamation and what was it? 371
What four concurrent conflicts took place during Reconstruction from 1865 to 1876? 372
What was the 14th Amendment and what Johnson’s opinion of it? 372
Summarize the moderate republican view and do you agree with it? Explain 373
What was the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and why did Johnson veto it? 374
Summarize the election results of 1866 and the actions of Johnson? 374-75
How many southerners were disqualified from voting a la the 14th Amendment and who were
scalawags, carpetbaggers, and black republicans? How did the south view each of them? 375
Summarize the life of Blance Bruce and Hiram Revels? 376
What was the Ex parte Milligan case of 1866 and how did the radical republicans in Congress
checkmate it or overcome it? 377
What was the Tenure of Office Act and what did Johnson say about it and what happened to Johnson
as a result? 377-79
Summarize the process of removing a President? 379
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Summarize the elections of the 1866? 380
Summarize Grant? 381
What did Georgia do in 1868? 381
Summarize Black Friday? 381-383
What was the Credit Mobilier scandal? 381-383
What were some other scandals in Grants term as President? 384
Summarize the election of 1872? 384
How did liberals redefine the republicans? 385
What was the Force Act and did it achieve its purpose long term? 385-86
Who were the Bourbons/Redeemers? 386
What diverted people in America away from helping blacks in the south? 387
What were the Amnesty Act of 1872 and the Civil Rights Act of 1875? 388
Summarize Hayes? 389
Who were Boss Tweed and Samuel Tilden? 390
Summarize the election of 1876? 390-92