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H Bio
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Transport Systems
Chapter 7 Reading Guide and Focus Questions
1) TRANSPORT SYSTEMS INTRO (p. 185)
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Why do land-dwelling, complex organisms need transport systems?
What do transport systems do? What sorts of things do they transport?
Skim the Table of Contents for this chapter. What is the name of the transport system in animals?
PLANTS
Chapter 7.1- Adaptations for Life on Land
 What is the common, aquatic ancestor of all modern-day plants?
 Vascular vs. nonvascular plants
o Differences? Example of each?
o What are the advantages of having a vascular system?
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2) Look at Figure 7.1. On the image to the right, be sure you can label
the following parts and their functions: PARTS: leaf, stem, veins, roots.
FUNCTIONS: transport, photosynthesis, water/mineral absorption, site
of transpiration (What is transpiration? Old vocab. – Look it up.)
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What are root hairs, and what is the benefit of a plant having them?
The vascular system of plants consists of xylem and phloem. Generally,
what substance(s) does each vessel transport?
If xylem vessels are made of the remnants of dead plant cells, which part
of the cell makes up the wall of the vessel? (This is not in the book. Use
your knowledge of cells.)
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Chapter 7.2 – Water Transport
 3) Through which type of vessel does water move – xylem or phloem?
 Do not worry about tracheids or vessel elements. You are not responsible for these terms.
 Before reading on, please watch/listen to the online tutorial below (BOTH PARTS):
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_biology_7/media/interactivemedia/activities/load.h
tml?3&B
Website Focus Questions:
o What physical force pulls water up from the roots to the leaves?
o What does this have to do with transpiration? Cohesion? Adhesion?
o If water were not a polar molecule (with hydrogen bonds), would water flow up the
xylem?
o Why does the continuous loss of water through the leaves’ stomates create a pull on the
column of water?
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IMPORTANT CONCEPT: You should be able to explain how water moves from the roots up to a
plant’s leaves according to the cohesion-tension hypothesis.
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H Bio
COHESION- TENSION HYPOTHESIS
Chapter 7.3 – Nutrient Transport
 Through which type of vessel do organic nutrients (sugars, animo acids, etc.) move – xylem or
phloem?
 With respect to the movement of nutrients, such as sugars, in a plant, what is a “source” and what
is a “sink”? In other words, where are sugar molecules created (source) and where are they in low
amounts (sink)? Use Figure 7.5 to help you.
 Before reading on, please watch/listen to the online tutorial below:
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter38/animation__phloem_loading.html
Website Focus Questions:
o Why are leaves a “source” of sugar? Why are the shoots and roots “sinks” for sugar?
o When sugars enter the phloem near a source (leaf tissue), why does water move into the
phloem?
o How does a change in the turgor pressure in the phloem help push sugars away from the
source (leaf cells) and toward the sink (root cells)?
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IMPORTANT CONCEPT: You should be able to explain how nutrients move from sources (like
leaves) to sinks (like the growing tips or roots of a plant) according to the pressure-flow
hypothesis.
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H Bio
6: How do organisms such as bacteria, Amoeba transport materials? Sponges? Hydra?
Fungus?
ANIMALS: CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS
Chapter 7.4 – covered in class (Open vs. Closed Circulatory Systems)
 Be sure you can answer Questions 1 + 2 on p. 198 (Check and Challenge)
GIVE EXAMPLES of OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS AND DESCRIBE HOW THEY WORK.
Chapter 7.5 – Circulation in Vertebrates
 3 COMPONENTS OF ANY VERTEBRATE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
o HEART
 The 2 types of chambers in the heart are the atria and the ventricles. What does each do?
 Read the latin roots for these words (left margin p. 194) – these might be helpful.
o BLOOD VESSELS – 3 types
1.) ARTERIES: Circle the correct option: Arteries always carry blood away from / back to the
heart.
 Aorta, Pulmonary Arteries: know the details
2.) CAPILLARIES: relative size, function, location
 Look at Figure 7.8b. Why is the blood in the capillaries colored purple (rather than
red or blue)? What special process happens in the capillaries?
3.) VEINS: Circle the correct option: Arteries always carry blood away from / back to the heart.
 True or False: Arteries always carry oxygen rich (red) blood, and veins always carry
oxygen poor (blue) blood.
o BLOOD – covered in detail in Ch. 7.9 (later)
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3 TYPES OF HEARTS
o TWO-CHAMBERED HEART
o How many atria and ventricles are in these hearts?
o What organisms have this type of heart?
o Look at Figure 7.9. Why is this type of system called single circulation?
o Since evolutionary theory suggests that organisms tend to become more complex as they
evolve, do you think this type of heart was one of the first or one of the last to evolve?
o THREE-CHAMBERED HEART
o How many atria and ventricles are in these hearts?
o What organisms have this type of heart?
o What is double circulation and why is it advantageous?
o What is the disadvantage of having only one ventricle?
o FOUR-CHAMBERED HEART
o How many atria and ventricles are in these hearts?
o What organisms have this type of heart?
o Why does having two separate ventricles allow the organism to keep oxygen rich and
oxygen poor blood separate? Why is this a good thing?
o What are the advantages of having double circulation and of keeping oxygen levels high in
the blood?
o Think back to Chapter 5: Why would a circulatory system that allows an organism to
efficiently deliver oxygen to the body allow for greater energy?
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H Bio
HUMANS
Chapter 7.8 – Blood Pressure
 BLOOD VESSEL ANATOMY
Using the image above, answer the following questions:
1.) What 3 layers of tissue make up the wall of arteries and veins?
2.) Which vessel has a thicker wall of muscle wall – arteries or veins? Why do you think this is?
3.) Which type of vessel has more blood pressure pushing against its walls? Why? (Hint: Think
about which vessel gets the blood that is most recently pumped from the heart.)
4.) Which vessel has valves, which prevent blood from flowing backwards? Why do you think
these vessels need valves?
5.) Why/How does walking or any physical activity help blood return from your legs to your
heart?
6.) What type of vessel always connects arteries and veins?
7.) Why don’t capillaries have a lining of muscle? What process would this interfere with?
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BLOOD PRESSURE
o Watch/listen to this online tutorial explaining what blood pressure is:
http://adam.about.com/care/Blood-pressure-animation.htm
OR http://www.medindia.net/animation/blood-pressure.asp
Website Questions (IF THE WEBSITE DOESN’T WORK, LOOK THIS INFORMATION UP
ANYWHERE ONLINE)
1.) What is blood pressure?
2.) Apply your knowledge: If your arteries become clogged with cholesterol, their diameter
would narrow. Would this increase or decrease your blood pressure?
o Go look at Figure 7.20 on p. 203 of your book (the Focus On box) for what a
clogged artery would look like.
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3.) When is systolic blood pressure measured?
4.) When is diastolic blood pressure measured?
5.) What is a “normal” (healthy) blood pressure?
o Control of Blood Pressure/Blood Flow (p. 201-203)
 What are some of the ways your body maintains a healthy blood pressure?
 Why would having a low blood pressure be dangerous?
 When your brain sends a signal to your body to increase your blood pressure, what two
changes occur in the circulatory system?
If you’re interested: How to listen for blood pressure
http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/bloodpressure.html
Chapter 7.9 - Composition of Blood
Note: Your book jumps around a bit randomly. I would suggest organizing your notes as follows:
THREE TYPES OF BLOOD CELLS (** In addition to your textbook, refer to Figure 1 below. **)
 ERYTHROCYTES
o What is the common name for these cells?
o What is their function?
o What is hemoglobin? What does it do, and how?
 Why is it important to get a source of iron in your diet?
o How long does one red blood cell last in the body? Where do new red blood cells get
made?
o In terms of organelles, how are erythrocytes different from all other cells in your body?
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LEUKOCYTES
o What is the common name for these cells?
o What is their function?
o What are macrophages and what do they do? Go look up the root words “macro” and
“phage” (or “phago”) to find out what this name literally means.
SKIP TO PAGE 207
PLATELETS
o What are platelets?
o What important process are platelets involved in?
o What is the fancy term for the verb to clot?
o Formation of a blood clot: attend to the following details only
 What do platelets do?
 What are clotting factors and where are they found (in general)?
 What is fibrin and what does it have to do with clotting?
 Online tutorial: http://adam.about.com/care/Blood-clotting-animation.htm
Visual identification of blood cells: You will need to be able to visually identify erythrocytes,
leukocytes, and platelets. Use the figure below to practice.
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GO BACK TO PAGE 205 (3rd
H Bio
paragraph)
FLUID PORTION OF BLOOD
(** In addition to your
textbook, refer to Figure 1 below. **)
 What is plasma?
 What does plasma consist of?
 Look back through your notes about blood pressure. What condition might be detected by
finding high levels of glucose in the blood plasma?
 What role do hormones and ions (electrolytes) play in maintaining homeostasis in the body?
 At this time, you will not be tested on information about the lymphatic system or lymph.
Figure 1. Composition of Blood
** You are responsible for many of the details in this figure. We will discuss this in class. **
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