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Microscopes, Domains and Kingdoms
1. Identify the parts of the
A. Base (7)
microscope.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K. Fine Adjustment (10)
L. Objective Lens (3)
Arm (11)
Stage (4)
Ocular (8)
Body Tube (1)
Revolving Nosepiece (2)
Disc Diaphragm (5)
Substage Lamp (6)
Stage Clips (12)
Coarse Adjustment (9)
2. How do you find total magnification? Multiply the ocular lens times the objective lens.
3. What is the total magnification when using the scanning lens (4x) and the objective lens
(10x)? 40x
4. What is the total magnification when using the objective lens (10x)
and the low power objective (10x)? 100x
Cells
1. Cell theory - all organisms are made up of one or more cells, cell is the basic unit of life, all cells come
from other cells
2. Cell membrane - “gateway” outer covering of cell
3. cell wall - “skeleton” tough outer covering of a PLANT CELL ONLY
4. chloroplast - “food factory” PLANT CELL ONLY, green; contains chlorophyll; energy processing
organelle
5. vacuole - “storage warehouse” for water and wastes. Plants have one. Animals have several.
6. nucleus - “brain” tells cell what to do, contains genetic material: DNA
7. cytoplasm - “atmosphere” gelatin-like, inside the cell
8. mitochondria - “power house” (plant and animal cell) energy for the cell
9. nuclear membrane - “filter” semi-permeable membrane surrounding the nucleus
10. ribosome - “protein factory” makes protein
11. endoplasmic reticulum - “highway” transports nutrients and information
12. golgi body - “postal service” stores and transports proteins
13. semi permeable membrane - allows some materials in and out of cell
14. What are the main differences between plant cells and animal cells? Plant cells have cell walls and
chloroplasts. Animal cells do not.
15. Put these words in order from least complex to most complex:
Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
16. What chemical catches the sun’s energy? Chlorophyll. This is found in the chloroplast.
17. What is the product of cellular respiration? Carbon dioxide, water, energy
18. Where is genetic material located? Nucleus (also found in the mitochondria)
19. Which is a plant cell? An animal cell?
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
20. Cells make up tissue, which makes up organs, which makes up
organ systems, which make up an organism.
Use these words: organ systems, tissue, cells, organs, organism
21. What is an organ system? A group of organs working together.
Give an example: Digestive system – stomach, small intestine, large intestine
Circulatory System – heart, lungs, blood vessels (veins, arteries, capillaries)
22. What is the job of a membrane? To allow some materials to go into and out of the cell.
23. What did Robert Hooke discover? cells
24. How do you find the magnification power of a microscope? multiply
Example: The ocular lens is 20x and the scanning objective is 10x.
Total Magnification: 200x
Genetics:
1. How many chromosomes to sex cells contain? __23__
2. How many chromosomes do other cells in your body contain? __46__
3. A child receives a trait not found in the parents. Explain how this is possible.
Each parent has the recessive trait (Heterozygous)
4. fertilization – joining of the sperm and egg in sexual reproduction
5. fission – cells that do not have a nucleus copy genetic material and then divide
into two identical organisms. Asexual reproduction.
6. Using the pictures to the right, determine which is a male. Figure A
Which is a female? Figure B
Fig. A
Fig. B
Fig. A
Fig. B
7. genotype - an organisms genetic makeup
8. phenotype - outward physical appearance of an organism
9. homozygous - describes an organism that has the same dominant trait
(two alleles are the same)
10.
heterozygous - describes an organism that has a dominant and a recessive trait
(two alleles are different)
11. dominant trait - masks or covers other traits
12. recessive trait - a trait that can be hidden
13. Give an example of fission.
One-celled organism; a prokaryote.
Fission
Budding
Regeneration
14. One parent is heterozygous for brown eyes, and one parent is homozygous for brown eyes.
Draw a Punnett Square, and then answer the questions.
B
b
B BB
Bb
B
Bb
BB
a. What % chance does the offspring have for being homozygous for brown eyes? (BB) 50%
b. What % chance does the offspring have for being heterozygous for brown eyes? (Bb) 50%
c. What % chance does the offspring have for having blue eyes? (bb) 0%
Cell Types
5. What is the main difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote? A prokaryote is a
single-celled organism that is less complex. A eukaryote is more complex because it has
membrane-bound organelles, ex: has a nucleus
6. What does unicellular mean? One-celled
7. What does multicellular mean? Many-celled
8. What is an autotroph? Give an example. Autotrophs make their own food. Ex: Plants
(producers).
9. What is a heterotroph? Give an example. Heterotrophs go get their food. Ex: Animals
(consumers)
10. Create a tree map below with the following words: Eukarya, Animals, Archaea,
Archaebacteria, Bacteria, Eubacteria, Protist, Fungi, Plants
Archaea
Archaebacteria
Bacteria
Eubacteria
Eukarya
Animal
Plant
Fungi
Protist
11. What is the main characteristic of Domain Archaea?
Includes only the Archaebacteria kingdom. One celled prokaryote. Lives in extreme
environments.
12. What is the main characteristic of Domain Bacteria?
Includes only the Eubacteria kingdom. One celled prokaryote. A prokaryote has no
membrane bound nucleus
13. What is the main characteristic of Eukarya?
Includes Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals. Complex. All organisms have a nucleus.
14. Complete the Venn Diagram:
Prokaryote
One-celled
No nucleus
Very
simple
organism
Has DNA
Living
One-celled and
multi-cellular
Needs
energy
Has nucleus and
membrane bound
organelles
Can
reproduce
More complex
Eukaryote
15. How do scientists classify organisms into each domain? What is the main characteristic?
First, scientists determine if the living organism is a prokaryote or eukaryote. (look for a nucleus)
16. Fill in the table:
Domain
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya
Type of Cell
(Prokaryote or Eukaryote)
Prokaryote
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Domain Archaea, Kingdom Archaebacteria
Unicellular (one cell) organisms. Found in extreme climates, such as hot boiling water, or highly acidic
environments. The hot springs of Yellowstone National Park was were some of the first archaebacterias were
found.
Domain Bacteria, Kingdom Eubacteria
Unicellular (one cell) organisms. Some eubacteria can be helpful to humans and some can be harmful.
17. Define the ways in which organisms get their energy or food, and give an example of each.
A. Autotroph – makes its own food, such as in photosynthesis. A plant.
B. Heterotroph – must go find food, such as an animal.
C. Decomposer – breaks down dead organic matter. A fungus, like a mushroom.
18. There are four kingdoms under the domain Eukarya. Fill in the table with the information.
Eukarya - a domain of organisms having cells each with a distinct nucleus within which the genetic material is
contained.
Kingdom
How does the organism Unicellular/
get its food?
Multicellular/ Both
Animalia
Heterotroph
Multicellular
Plantae
Autotroph
Multicellular
Protista
Can be autotrophs or
heterotrophs.
Examples of protists
would be slime molds
and algae.
Most protists are
unicellular.
Fungi
Biologists once
confused plants with
fungi, but fungi cannot
make their own foodthey are not autotrophs.
They eat decomposing
organisms, so they are
considered to be
decomposers.
Ex: mushrooms, mold,
mildew.
Most are multicellular.
19. True or False?
___T_ All living things are made up of cells.
___F_ All things are made up of cells.
___T_ A cell can grow and develop.
___T_ All living things can reproduce.
___F_ Not every living thing needs energy.
___T__ All living things need energy.
___T_ Cells only come from other cells.
____F A cell can be created from elements.