AUGUSTUS, LEGISLATIVE POWER, AND THE POWER OF
... which was the most famous part of his legacy.19 However, the fact that legislation on morals was thought necessary was in itself an admission of failure of the Roman state to attain a golden age of its own accord.20 The marriage laws passed in 17 BC comprised the Lex Julia de maritandis ordinibus an ...
... which was the most famous part of his legacy.19 However, the fact that legislation on morals was thought necessary was in itself an admission of failure of the Roman state to attain a golden age of its own accord.20 The marriage laws passed in 17 BC comprised the Lex Julia de maritandis ordinibus an ...
How effectively did Augustus use patronage to promote and uphold
... Through the association with such an influential figure in both legend and story, Augustus would have been able to uphold his power, because people believed he could do more for the empire. So, to conclude my views as to the effectiveness of Augustus’ use of patronage, I believe that given the end r ...
... Through the association with such an influential figure in both legend and story, Augustus would have been able to uphold his power, because people believed he could do more for the empire. So, to conclude my views as to the effectiveness of Augustus’ use of patronage, I believe that given the end r ...
Zanker - MK2Review
... between equestrian statues giving military glory and nude statues subtly insinuating more than just this glory- maybe kingly glory b/c this is how Greek kings were portrayed. Hellenization soon spread within the private sphere, despite the Senate’s attempts to stop it. Absolute power didn’t exist (b ...
... between equestrian statues giving military glory and nude statues subtly insinuating more than just this glory- maybe kingly glory b/c this is how Greek kings were portrayed. Hellenization soon spread within the private sphere, despite the Senate’s attempts to stop it. Absolute power didn’t exist (b ...
THE TESTAMENT OF AUGUSTUS
... another 3.5 million to "the tribes": that is, roughly 200 per capita to the rerhaps 200,000-strong plebs frumentaria, and 100,000 to each 0 the 35 tribai organizations in Rome 24 ). Then to the military: 1000 to each member of the praetorian guard (that is, 9 million or 4.5 million in total, dependi ...
... another 3.5 million to "the tribes": that is, roughly 200 per capita to the rerhaps 200,000-strong plebs frumentaria, and 100,000 to each 0 the 35 tribai organizations in Rome 24 ). Then to the military: 1000 to each member of the praetorian guard (that is, 9 million or 4.5 million in total, dependi ...
THE SEVERAN DYNASTY brian campbell - Assets
... executed. In order to break up the large concentration of troops exploited by Niger, the province of Syria was divided into two, Coele (northern Syria) with two legions under a consular governor, and Phoenice (southern Syria), with one under the command of a legionary legate of praetorian rank.9 Lea ...
... executed. In order to break up the large concentration of troops exploited by Niger, the province of Syria was divided into two, Coele (northern Syria) with two legions under a consular governor, and Phoenice (southern Syria), with one under the command of a legionary legate of praetorian rank.9 Lea ...
Marius` Military Reforms and the War Against Jugurtha
... wealth. They were also organized into centuries (hundreds). This division into classes carried into the military. The equite were the richest class, and formed 18 centuries. The rest of the population formed the bulk of the army, consisting of 5 classes acting as infantry. Each class was had its own ...
... wealth. They were also organized into centuries (hundreds). This division into classes carried into the military. The equite were the richest class, and formed 18 centuries. The rest of the population formed the bulk of the army, consisting of 5 classes acting as infantry. Each class was had its own ...
How effectively did Emperor Augustus use patronage to promote
... the first Emperor of the Roman Empire in 27 BC. However, I do not believe that Augustus' power came merely from his adoption by Julius Caesar and his military success which meant that – as Pat Southern states - “he controlled all the armies and had direct access to the wealth of Egypt.”[2] As I will ...
... the first Emperor of the Roman Empire in 27 BC. However, I do not believe that Augustus' power came merely from his adoption by Julius Caesar and his military success which meant that – as Pat Southern states - “he controlled all the armies and had direct access to the wealth of Egypt.”[2] As I will ...
The Professionalization of the Roman Army in the Second Century BC
... If defined in modern terms, the Roman legionary of the pre-Marian era does not seem to fit the image of a professional soldier. ...
... If defined in modern terms, the Roman legionary of the pre-Marian era does not seem to fit the image of a professional soldier. ...
Septimius Severus (193–211 AD): Founder of the Severan Dynasty
... prefect. Plautianus accompanied the emperor on a tour of the eastern provinces and soon became his closest adviser. Severus had Plautianus’s daughter married to his son Caracalla. However, Plautianus’s abuse of power became infamous, and his ostentation outdid that of the emperor. Plautianus was con ...
... prefect. Plautianus accompanied the emperor on a tour of the eastern provinces and soon became his closest adviser. Severus had Plautianus’s daughter married to his son Caracalla. However, Plautianus’s abuse of power became infamous, and his ostentation outdid that of the emperor. Plautianus was con ...
Rome, Italy and the Western Empire
... In Rome, the Ara Pacis certainly earns its name. In its entirety, is exudes peace and security. Just they way Augustus had intended. He and his circle were master manipulators. This structure, more than any of the others around Rome really sum up his position in the Empire and especially in Rome. E. ...
... In Rome, the Ara Pacis certainly earns its name. In its entirety, is exudes peace and security. Just they way Augustus had intended. He and his circle were master manipulators. This structure, more than any of the others around Rome really sum up his position in the Empire and especially in Rome. E. ...
Augustus Lesson Plan
... this arrangement the senators would be unarmed and unprepared for battle, while he alone had arms and maintained soldiers. Octavian was destined to have absolute control of all matters for all time. When his ten-year period came to an end, he was voted for another five years, then five more, after t ...
... this arrangement the senators would be unarmed and unprepared for battle, while he alone had arms and maintained soldiers. Octavian was destined to have absolute control of all matters for all time. When his ten-year period came to an end, he was voted for another five years, then five more, after t ...
Loyalty and the Sacramentum in the Roman
... references to this oath are found in the ancient texts, and of these, most date to the imperial period; implicit references to expectations of loyal behaviour, often connected with the conditions listed above, are more plentiful. In addition, personalized oaths administered by individual generals, w ...
... references to this oath are found in the ancient texts, and of these, most date to the imperial period; implicit references to expectations of loyal behaviour, often connected with the conditions listed above, are more plentiful. In addition, personalized oaths administered by individual generals, w ...
scenario book
... We have designed the following battles/scenarios to be as historically accurate (within the limits of available research materials) as possible. While this allows them to be excellent tools for study and solitaire play, some of the battles, because they were not balanced historically, will fall shor ...
... We have designed the following battles/scenarios to be as historically accurate (within the limits of available research materials) as possible. While this allows them to be excellent tools for study and solitaire play, some of the battles, because they were not balanced historically, will fall shor ...
`Quintictilius Varus, give me back my legions!` Augustus Caesar
... ‘Have some wheat cakes to Gaius, I still have some dry here.' ‘Thank you citizen, mine are lost.' As they lay resting each man's pila and pilum lances leant against a fallen trunk, most were bare headed and used their bronze helmets as pillows. Each legionary kept their scutum shield close and gladi ...
... ‘Have some wheat cakes to Gaius, I still have some dry here.' ‘Thank you citizen, mine are lost.' As they lay resting each man's pila and pilum lances leant against a fallen trunk, most were bare headed and used their bronze helmets as pillows. Each legionary kept their scutum shield close and gladi ...
I Caesar: Hadrian
... Pulled back from Parthia and left rule to client kings who would act as buffer. On Danube he burned only bridge across river even though Roman settlers were on other side. Many senators appalled. Saw conquest as way to wealth and glory and felt they had stronger claims to the throne than a Spaniard ...
... Pulled back from Parthia and left rule to client kings who would act as buffer. On Danube he burned only bridge across river even though Roman settlers were on other side. Many senators appalled. Saw conquest as way to wealth and glory and felt they had stronger claims to the throne than a Spaniard ...
Res Gestae Divi Augusti
... Res Gestae Divi Augusti - an introduction Written by Augustus himself - virtually the only contemporary account of his time as Emperor. The historians Tacitus and Suetonius wrote biographies of him but many years after his death. Augustus may have intended it to be read out in the Senate after his d ...
... Res Gestae Divi Augusti - an introduction Written by Augustus himself - virtually the only contemporary account of his time as Emperor. The historians Tacitus and Suetonius wrote biographies of him but many years after his death. Augustus may have intended it to be read out in the Senate after his d ...
last modified, 10 October 2009
... Spain are taken into account. These numbers are significantly higher than those of the 60s and 50s BC, when the Roman army had a stable strength of between 15 and 25 legions (with the exception of the period of the Catilinarian revolt, which put a further five or six legions into the field for its d ...
... Spain are taken into account. These numbers are significantly higher than those of the 60s and 50s BC, when the Roman army had a stable strength of between 15 and 25 legions (with the exception of the period of the Catilinarian revolt, which put a further five or six legions into the field for its d ...
The Battle of Idistaviso
... Rhine months before were only attacking those tribes directly in their path. The enemy campaign was one of terror, not conquest, but Arminius had persuaded the other tribal leaders that the Romans threatened them all in equal measure. This army was only the tip of the sword. It had to be destroyed, ...
... Rhine months before were only attacking those tribes directly in their path. The enemy campaign was one of terror, not conquest, but Arminius had persuaded the other tribal leaders that the Romans threatened them all in equal measure. This army was only the tip of the sword. It had to be destroyed, ...
The Roman Army as a Factor of Romanisation in the North
... forts and the civilian settlements related to them were overwhelmingly of pre-Roman origin, mostly Geto-Dacian. In the southern part of the frontier, there was a concentration of place-names ending in dava, characteristic of the Geto-Dacian hill-forts, indicating that the Roman army on its arrival i ...
... forts and the civilian settlements related to them were overwhelmingly of pre-Roman origin, mostly Geto-Dacian. In the southern part of the frontier, there was a concentration of place-names ending in dava, characteristic of the Geto-Dacian hill-forts, indicating that the Roman army on its arrival i ...
SCUTUM - The Big Book of War
... Scutum ("skOO-tüm", pl. scuta) is the Latin word for "shield", although it has in modern times come to be specifically associated with the rectangular, semicylindrical body shield carried by ancient Roman legionaries. The shield's curved shape covered the wielder's front and sides, affording excelle ...
... Scutum ("skOO-tüm", pl. scuta) is the Latin word for "shield", although it has in modern times come to be specifically associated with the rectangular, semicylindrical body shield carried by ancient Roman legionaries. The shield's curved shape covered the wielder's front and sides, affording excelle ...
CLH275 Rome and the Mediterranean
... The Lex Licinia Sextia in 367 BC ruled that one of the two consuls had to be plebeian. The Consuls would alternate chairmanship of the senate each month. They were the highest judicial power in the Republic, with the ability to override the decisions of almost every official, particularly thos ...
... The Lex Licinia Sextia in 367 BC ruled that one of the two consuls had to be plebeian. The Consuls would alternate chairmanship of the senate each month. They were the highest judicial power in the Republic, with the ability to override the decisions of almost every official, particularly thos ...
the original article
... an early destruction of the Ninth Legion. His reasoning was based on prosopography. He saw that the careers of certain officers seemed to have peaked too late for their service in the Ninth Legion to be restricted to the Trajanic period. The legion had surely survived into the early years of Hadrian ...
... an early destruction of the Ninth Legion. His reasoning was based on prosopography. He saw that the careers of certain officers seemed to have peaked too late for their service in the Ninth Legion to be restricted to the Trajanic period. The legion had surely survived into the early years of Hadrian ...
Historia - Roman Army Talk
... The Roman soldier required significant space to wield his sword, if only to prevent him from accidentally slicing the comrade next to him. Archaeological developments in Spain over the last fifteen years have identified the gladius hispaniensis, and revealed that it was in fact quite long for an ancien ...
... The Roman soldier required significant space to wield his sword, if only to prevent him from accidentally slicing the comrade next to him. Archaeological developments in Spain over the last fifteen years have identified the gladius hispaniensis, and revealed that it was in fact quite long for an ancien ...
Boudicca_Rebellion_A.. - the unlikely professor
... obviously the numbers and training of the Roman legionaries overcame the battlefield advantages granted to the Britons by their war chariots, it required adaptability and flexibility on the parts of Caesar and his devoted legions. Compared to his Celtic tribal counterpart, the common Roman infantry ...
... obviously the numbers and training of the Roman legionaries overcame the battlefield advantages granted to the Britons by their war chariots, it required adaptability and flexibility on the parts of Caesar and his devoted legions. Compared to his Celtic tribal counterpart, the common Roman infantry ...
Imperial Roman army
The imperial Roman army was the standing force deployed by the Roman Empire during the Principate era (30 BC – AD 284). Under the founder–emperor Augustus (ruled 30 BC – AD 14 ), the legions, which were formations numbering about 5,000 heavy infantry recruited from the ranks of Roman citizens only, were transformed from mixed conscript and volunteer corps soldiers serving an average of 10 years, to all-volunteer units of long-term professionals serving a standard 25-year term. (Conscription was only decreed in emergencies.) In the later 1st century, the size of a legion's First Cohort was doubled, increasing the strength of a legion to about 5,500.To complement the legions, Augustus established the auxilia, a regular corps with numbers similar to those of the legions, but recruited from the peregrini or non-citizen inhabitants of the empire. Peregrini constituted approximately 90 percent of the Empire's population in the 1st century. In addition to large numbers of heavy infantry equipped in a similar manner to legionaries, the auxilia provided virtually all the army's cavalry, light infantry, archers and other specialists. The auxilia were organised in units about 500 strong. These units were termed cohortes if they consisted of infantry, alae if they consisted of cavalry and cohortes equitatae if they were composed of infantry with a cavalry contingent attached.Until about AD 68, the auxilia were recruited by a mix of conscription and voluntary enlistment. After that time, the auxilia also became largely a volunteer corps, with conscription resorted to only in emergencies. Auxiliaries were required to serve a minimum of 25 years, although many served for longer periods. On completion of their minimum term, auxiliaries were awarded Roman citizenship, which carried important legal, fiscal and social advantages. Around AD 80, a minority of auxiliary regiments were doubled in size.Alongside the regular forces, the army of the Principate employed allied native units (called numeri) from outside the Empire on a mercenary basis. These were led by their own aristocrats and equipped in traditional fashion. Numbers fluctuated according to circumstances and are largely unknown.As all-citizen formations, and symbolic protectors of the dominance of the Italian ""master-nation"", legions enjoyed greater social prestige than the auxilia for much of the Principate. This was reflected in better pay and benefits. In addition, legionaries were equipped with more expensive and protective armour than auxiliaries, notably the lorica segmentata, or laminated-strip armour. However, in 212, the Emperor Caracalla granted Roman citizenship to nearly all the Empire's freeborn inhabitants. At this point, the distinction between legions and auxilia became moot, the latter becoming all-citizen units also. The change was reflected in the disappearance, during the 3rd century, of legionaries' special equipment, and the progressive break-up of legions into cohort-sized units like the auxilia.By the end of Augustus' reign, the imperial army numbered some 250,000 men, equally split between 25 legions and 250 units of auxiliaries. The numbers grew to a peak of about 450,000 by 211, in 33 legions and about 400 auxiliary units. By then, auxiliaries outnumbered legionaries substantially. From this peak, numbers probably underwent a steep decline by 270 due to plague and losses during multiple major barbarian invasions. Numbers were restored to their early 2nd-century level of c. 400,000 (but probably not to their 211 peak) under Diocletian (r. 284-305). After the Empire's borders became settled (on the Rhine-Danube line in Europe) by AD 68, virtually all military units (except the Praetorian Guard) were stationed on or near the borders, in roughly 17 of the 42 provinces of the empire in the reign of Hadrian (r. 117–138).The military chain of command was relatively flat. In each province, the deployed legions' legati (legion commanders, who also controlled the auxiliary units attached to their legion) reported to the legatus Augusti pro praetore (provincial governor), who also headed the civil administration. The governor in turn reported directly to the Emperor in Rome. There was no general staff in Rome, but the leading praefectus praetorio (commander of the Praetorian Guard) often acted as the Emperor's de facto military chief-of-staff.Compared to the subsistence-level peasant families from which they mostly originated, legionary rankers enjoyed considerable disposable income, enhanced by periodical cash bonuses on special occasions such as the accession of a new emperor. In addition, on completion of their term of service, they were given a generous discharge bonus equivalent to 13 years' salary. Auxiliaries were paid much less in the early 1st century, but by 100 AD, the differential had virtually disappeared. Similarly, in the earlier period, auxiliaries appear not to have received cash and discharge bonuses, but probably did so from the reign of Hadrian onwards. Junior officers (principales), the equivalent of non-commissioned officers in modern armies, could expect to earn up to twice basic pay. Legionary centurions, the equivalent of senior warrant officers, were organised in an elaborate hierarchy. Usually promoted from the ranks, they commanded the legion's tactical sub-units of centuriae (about 80 men) and cohorts (about 480 men). They were paid several multiples of basic pay. The most senior centurion, the primus pilus, was automatically elevated to equestrian rank on completion of his single-year term of office. The senior officers of the army, the legati legionis (legion commanders), tribuni militum (legion staff officers) and the praefecti (commanders of auxiliary regiments) were all of at least equestrian rank. In the 1st and early 2nd centuries, they were mainly Italian aristocrats performing the military component of their cursus honorum (conventional career-path). Later, provincial career officers became predominant. Senior officers were paid enormous salaries, multiples of at least 50 times a soldier's basic pay.Soldiers spent only a fraction of their lives on campaign. Most of their time was spent on routine military duties such as training, patrolling, and maintenance of equipment. Soldiers also played an important role outside the military sphere. They performed the function of a provincial governor's police force. As a large, disciplined and skilled force of fit men, they played a crucial role in the construction of a province's military and civil infrastructure. In addition to constructing forts and fortified defences such as Hadrian's Wall, they built roads, bridges, ports, public buildings and entire new cities (colonia), and cleared forests and drained marshes to expand a province's available arable land.Soldiers, mostly drawn from polytheistic societies, enjoyed wide freedom of worship in the polytheistic Roman system. Only a few cults were banned by the Roman authorities, as being incompatible with the official Roman religion or being politically subversive, notably Druidism and Christianity. The later Principate saw the rise in popularity among the military of Eastern mystery cults, generally centred on one deity, and involving secret rituals divulged only to initiates. By far the most popular cult in the army was Mithraism, an apparently syncretist cult which mainly originated in Asia Minor.