- bYTEBoss
... The ice sheet averages 2,450 metres deep and holds about 70% of the world’s fresh water. The average altitude is about 2,300 metres above sea level. Vinson Massif is Antarctica’s highest point, rising to a height of 4,897 metres. ...
... The ice sheet averages 2,450 metres deep and holds about 70% of the world’s fresh water. The average altitude is about 2,300 metres above sea level. Vinson Massif is Antarctica’s highest point, rising to a height of 4,897 metres. ...
Sea-level rise impacts on transport infrastructure: the notorious case
... which the line will be disrupted during the remainder of the 21st century and consider the potential costs of these disruptions to both the railway industry and the region more broadly. A conclusion discussing the wider implications of both our findings and our methodology brings the paper to a close ...
... which the line will be disrupted during the remainder of the 21st century and consider the potential costs of these disruptions to both the railway industry and the region more broadly. A conclusion discussing the wider implications of both our findings and our methodology brings the paper to a close ...
Ice-albedo feedback in the Northern Hemisphere during the Last
... vegetation, in addition to the relatively weak Milankovitch orbital forcings [Otto-Bliesner et al., 2006]. Forcings for the Pre-industrial simulation correspond to approximately 1800 AD. Concentrations of PI atmospheric trace gases were fixed at CO2 = 280 ppmv, CH4= 760 ppbv, and N20 = 270 ppbv, as ...
... vegetation, in addition to the relatively weak Milankovitch orbital forcings [Otto-Bliesner et al., 2006]. Forcings for the Pre-industrial simulation correspond to approximately 1800 AD. Concentrations of PI atmospheric trace gases were fixed at CO2 = 280 ppmv, CH4= 760 ppbv, and N20 = 270 ppbv, as ...
5.3.2 Glaciers
... the Alps, glaciers lost one third of their surface and one half of their volume between 1850 and 1970s. After 1985 an acceleration in glacial retreat has been observed, which led to a loss of 25% of the remaining ice until 2000 (Zemp et al., 2006). This culminated in a further ice loss of 5-10% in t ...
... the Alps, glaciers lost one third of their surface and one half of their volume between 1850 and 1970s. After 1985 an acceleration in glacial retreat has been observed, which led to a loss of 25% of the remaining ice until 2000 (Zemp et al., 2006). This culminated in a further ice loss of 5-10% in t ...
CIESM Congress 1988, Athens.
... and maps constructed based on these indicates that during the 28 year study period, the outer margin of the Rosetta and Damietta promontories have been eroded (Fig. 1 a&c) . The highest erosion rates are 114 and 31 m per year, respectively. The BurullusBaltim sector along the coastal zone of the del ...
... and maps constructed based on these indicates that during the 28 year study period, the outer margin of the Rosetta and Damietta promontories have been eroded (Fig. 1 a&c) . The highest erosion rates are 114 and 31 m per year, respectively. The BurullusBaltim sector along the coastal zone of the del ...
Assessing Public Transportation Vulnerability to Sea Level Rise: A Case Study Application
... and cause region-wide issues (CIER 2007). Projections, developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2007) are useful in identifying possible impacts associated with varying emissions scenarios. However, current IPCC data indicate that these predictions may be underestimated (Ra ...
... and cause region-wide issues (CIER 2007). Projections, developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2007) are useful in identifying possible impacts associated with varying emissions scenarios. However, current IPCC data indicate that these predictions may be underestimated (Ra ...
IMPLICATIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGES IN THE WIDER
... The history of modern civilization is inexorably related to Earth's climate. Climatic changes have occurred that have influenced our literature, raised and toppled empires, altered our view of God, modified economies, forced mass migrations of both humans and animals, caused hunger and starvation; t ...
... The history of modern civilization is inexorably related to Earth's climate. Climatic changes have occurred that have influenced our literature, raised and toppled empires, altered our view of God, modified economies, forced mass migrations of both humans and animals, caused hunger and starvation; t ...
Abbreviation of "Ice Melt, Sea Level Rise and Superstorms"
... understanding of the consequences. Current assessments place emphasis on practical effects such as increasing extremes of heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfall, floods, and encroaching seas (IPCC, 2014; USNCA, 2014). These assessments and our recent study (Hansen et al., 2013a) conclude that there is ...
... understanding of the consequences. Current assessments place emphasis on practical effects such as increasing extremes of heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfall, floods, and encroaching seas (IPCC, 2014; USNCA, 2014). These assessments and our recent study (Hansen et al., 2013a) conclude that there is ...
Chapter 25 The Geology of the Cenozoic Era
... some regions, causing some usually dry areas such inland basins in the desert to experience abundant rainfall, producing __________ _______. 50. During peak glaciation, the two principle ice sheets that covered North America were the ___________ ice sheet to the northeast, and the ____________ ice s ...
... some regions, causing some usually dry areas such inland basins in the desert to experience abundant rainfall, producing __________ _______. 50. During peak glaciation, the two principle ice sheets that covered North America were the ___________ ice sheet to the northeast, and the ____________ ice s ...
EPSS 15 Introduction to Oceanography – Spring 2017 Physiography
... are very important in transporting sediments down the continental slope and onto the continental rise or abyssal plains (discussed below). Important agents in this process are turbidity currents. These are short lived, gravity-induced currents consisting of mixtures of sediment and water which flow ...
... are very important in transporting sediments down the continental slope and onto the continental rise or abyssal plains (discussed below). Important agents in this process are turbidity currents. These are short lived, gravity-induced currents consisting of mixtures of sediment and water which flow ...
1 Simulation of Black Sea and Caspian Sea responses to
... eccentricity slowly varies, inducing small changes in the annual mean total insolation received by the Earth. Obliquity oscillates from 221 to 251 over a 41,000-year period, and the position of the equinoxes precesses relative to the perihelion with 19,000- and 23,000 - year periodicities. Obliquity ...
... eccentricity slowly varies, inducing small changes in the annual mean total insolation received by the Earth. Obliquity oscillates from 221 to 251 over a 41,000-year period, and the position of the equinoxes precesses relative to the perihelion with 19,000- and 23,000 - year periodicities. Obliquity ...
mass balance of the cryosphere - Assets
... interactions that the cryosphere has with the rest of the Earth system. It is a particularly important factor for sea ice as this is such a dynamic component of the cryosphere, fluctuating in extent by about a factor of 5 between summer and winter in the Southern Ocean (Chapter 8). The albedo of sea- ...
... interactions that the cryosphere has with the rest of the Earth system. It is a particularly important factor for sea ice as this is such a dynamic component of the cryosphere, fluctuating in extent by about a factor of 5 between summer and winter in the Southern Ocean (Chapter 8). The albedo of sea- ...
Quaternary Climate Change and Geomorphology
... ii) Modern Oxygen Isotope Record of Oceans (1) Paleothermometry studies suggest ~20 major cold/glacial cycles during the Pleistocene, with significant glacial advance on the landscape, and lowering of sea level. d) Extent of Pleistocene Glaciation ...
... ii) Modern Oxygen Isotope Record of Oceans (1) Paleothermometry studies suggest ~20 major cold/glacial cycles during the Pleistocene, with significant glacial advance on the landscape, and lowering of sea level. d) Extent of Pleistocene Glaciation ...
Climate Change and the Environment – Effects of Sea Level Rise on
... Few of the world’s coastlines are now beyond the influence of human pressures, although not all coasts are inhabited. It has been estimated that 23% of the world’s population lives both within 100km distance of the coast and < 100m above sea level and population densities in coastal regions are abou ...
... Few of the world’s coastlines are now beyond the influence of human pressures, although not all coasts are inhabited. It has been estimated that 23% of the world’s population lives both within 100km distance of the coast and < 100m above sea level and population densities in coastal regions are abou ...
Implications of Climate Changes in the Wider Caribbean Region
... The history of modern civilization is inexorably related to Earth's climate. Climatic changes have occurred that have influenced our literature, raised and toppled empires, altered our view of God, modified economies, forced mass migrations of both humans and animals, caused hunger and starvation; t ...
... The history of modern civilization is inexorably related to Earth's climate. Climatic changes have occurred that have influenced our literature, raised and toppled empires, altered our view of God, modified economies, forced mass migrations of both humans and animals, caused hunger and starvation; t ...
Impacts of marine instability across the East Antarctic Ice Sheet on
... at 122◦ E along the coast of Wilkes Land (Fig. 5b). However, the warming at this depth is more evenly distributed around Antarctica. Intriguingly, the warming signal is also found deeper within the water column, propagating westwards around the coast of Antarctica with depth (Fig. 5c–d). At a depth ...
... at 122◦ E along the coast of Wilkes Land (Fig. 5b). However, the warming at this depth is more evenly distributed around Antarctica. Intriguingly, the warming signal is also found deeper within the water column, propagating westwards around the coast of Antarctica with depth (Fig. 5c–d). At a depth ...
How reversible is sea ice loss?
... climate processes such as those related to sea ice. Thus, we find no clear evidence of a threshold of irreversibility in the sea ice, but Antarctic sea ice does lag behind global temperature during a return to lower temperatures after a period of extended CO2 stabilisation. However, the simulation i ...
... climate processes such as those related to sea ice. Thus, we find no clear evidence of a threshold of irreversibility in the sea ice, but Antarctic sea ice does lag behind global temperature during a return to lower temperatures after a period of extended CO2 stabilisation. However, the simulation i ...
27. record low northern hemisphere sea ice extent in march 2015
... Francisco J. Doblas-Reyes, and Mario Acosta The record low Northern Hemisphere (NH) winter sea ice maximum stemmed from a strong interannual surface anomaly in the Pacific sector, but it would not have been reached without long-term climate change. ...
... Francisco J. Doblas-Reyes, and Mario Acosta The record low Northern Hemisphere (NH) winter sea ice maximum stemmed from a strong interannual surface anomaly in the Pacific sector, but it would not have been reached without long-term climate change. ...
Evolution of marine storminess in the Belgian part of the North Sea
... to vary in time (either by step or continuously) were also applied in addition to the simple linear regression model. When using a piecewise linear regression (as proposed, e.g. by Metrevelli et al., 1980), an inflexion point was found in 1992, with a sea level rise after 1992 equal to 4.41 mm yr−1 ...
... to vary in time (either by step or continuously) were also applied in addition to the simple linear regression model. When using a piecewise linear regression (as proposed, e.g. by Metrevelli et al., 1980), an inflexion point was found in 1992, with a sea level rise after 1992 equal to 4.41 mm yr−1 ...
Rapid Climate Change Report
... with the scientific world, and we have also added a short glossary at the back and a comprehensive executive summary. Science can only point towards the measures we need to take but it seems clear that the insurance industry should start to prepare now for more severe and more frequent losses as a r ...
... with the scientific world, and we have also added a short glossary at the back and a comprehensive executive summary. Science can only point towards the measures we need to take but it seems clear that the insurance industry should start to prepare now for more severe and more frequent losses as a r ...
Deep-ocean contribution to sea level and energy budget - e
... longer than one month, which is supported by previous estimates of uncertainty22 . The two estimates exhibit similar behaviour, although the inferred estimate has slightly larger interannual variability. The inferred thermal expansion estimate explains 54% of the fractional variance of the 0–2,000 m ...
... longer than one month, which is supported by previous estimates of uncertainty22 . The two estimates exhibit similar behaviour, although the inferred estimate has slightly larger interannual variability. The inferred thermal expansion estimate explains 54% of the fractional variance of the 0–2,000 m ...
Impact of Antarctic regional warming: Sea level rise from
... warming, and not in the same way in all parts of the world. This includes the risk that ocean temperatures first lag behind, and then rise rapidly. The Filchner Filchner-Ronne shelf cove covers an area bigger than Germany; its grounded grounded-ice tributaries store water equivalent to a total of se ...
... warming, and not in the same way in all parts of the world. This includes the risk that ocean temperatures first lag behind, and then rise rapidly. The Filchner Filchner-Ronne shelf cove covers an area bigger than Germany; its grounded grounded-ice tributaries store water equivalent to a total of se ...
Seed dressing systemic insecticides and honeybees: a challenge for
... Exceptional melting was recorded on the Greenland ice sheet in the summer of 2012. On 12 July 2012 nearly the entire ice cover experienced some degree of surface melting (NASA, 2012). The extreme melt event coincided with an unusually strong ridge of warm air over Greenland. The ridge was one of a s ...
... Exceptional melting was recorded on the Greenland ice sheet in the summer of 2012. On 12 July 2012 nearly the entire ice cover experienced some degree of surface melting (NASA, 2012). The extreme melt event coincided with an unusually strong ridge of warm air over Greenland. The ridge was one of a s ...
Sea level rise
Sea level rise has been estimated to be on average between +2.6 mm and +2.9 mm per year ± 0.4 mm since 1993. Additionally, sea level rise has accelerated in recent years. For the period between 1870 and 2004, global average sea levels are estimated to have risen a total of 195 mm, and 1.7 mm ± 0.3 mm per year, with a significant acceleration of sea-level rise of 0.013 ± 0.006 mm per year per year. If this acceleration would stay constant, the 1990 to 2100 sea level rise would range from 280 to 340 mm. Another study calculated the period from 1950 to 2009, and measurements show an average annual rise in sea level of 1.7 ± 0.3 mm per year, with satellite data showing a rise of 3.3 ± 0.4 mm per year from 1993 to 2009. Sea level rise is one of several lines of evidence that support the view that the global climate has recently warmed.In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) stated that it is very likely human-induced (anthropogenic) warming contributed to the sea level rise observed in the latter half of the 20th century. The 2013 IPCC report (AR5) concluded, ""there is high confidence that the rate of sea level rise has increased during the last two centuries, and it is likely that GMSL (Global Mean Sea Level) has accelerated since the early 1900’s.Sea level rises can considerably influence human populations in coastal and island regions and natural environments like marine ecosystems. Sea level rise is expected to continue for centuries. Because of the slow inertia, long response time for parts of the climate system, it has been estimated that we are already committed to a sea-level rise of approximately 2.3 meters for each degree Celsius of temperature rise within the next 2,000 years. It has been suggested that besides CO2 emissions reductions, a short term action to reduce sea level rise is to cut emissions of heat trapping gases such as methane and particulates such as soot.