Laurentide Ice Sheet
... the Wisconsin Glaciation. He viewed the areas occupied by Tyrrell's "glaciers" as too low, dry and warm to have acted as significant accumulation centres. According to his theories, ice sheet inception could only have occurred in the highlands at the northeastern margin of the Shield where a combina ...
... the Wisconsin Glaciation. He viewed the areas occupied by Tyrrell's "glaciers" as too low, dry and warm to have acted as significant accumulation centres. According to his theories, ice sheet inception could only have occurred in the highlands at the northeastern margin of the Shield where a combina ...
Genesis of the Supercontinent Cycle Geological Society of America
... in their assembly since it ensured that the new oceans created by supercontinent breakup would eventually close. This mechanism was based on the history of Pangea and has come to be known as introversion, which at the time, we preferred over extroversion since closure of the exterior ocean, in this ...
... in their assembly since it ensured that the new oceans created by supercontinent breakup would eventually close. This mechanism was based on the history of Pangea and has come to be known as introversion, which at the time, we preferred over extroversion since closure of the exterior ocean, in this ...
Effects of Sea-Level Rise on Coral Reefs
... greenhouse gases since pre-industrial times have caused radiative forcing of climate and an enhanced greenhouse effect, leading to measurable global warming (0.3°C–0.6°C mean surface air temperature) and sea-level rise (an estimated 1–2.5 mm yearly). The increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, ...
... greenhouse gases since pre-industrial times have caused radiative forcing of climate and an enhanced greenhouse effect, leading to measurable global warming (0.3°C–0.6°C mean surface air temperature) and sea-level rise (an estimated 1–2.5 mm yearly). The increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, ...
Arctic marine mammal population status, sea ice habitat loss, and
... Abstract: Arctic marine mammals (AMMs) are icons of climate change, largely because of their close association with sea ice. However, neither a circumpolar assessment of AMM status nor a standardized metric of sea ice habitat change is available. We summarized available data on abundance and trend f ...
... Abstract: Arctic marine mammals (AMMs) are icons of climate change, largely because of their close association with sea ice. However, neither a circumpolar assessment of AMM status nor a standardized metric of sea ice habitat change is available. We summarized available data on abundance and trend f ...
Dynamic Topography and Long-Term Sea-Level Variations
... of the crust, or "dynamic topography", across the entire surface of the planet (e.g., Hager ...
... of the crust, or "dynamic topography", across the entire surface of the planet (e.g., Hager ...
Sea-level rise and climate change
... managers adapting to climate change and sea-level rise. This online tool, known as CoastAdapt, provides information on all aspects of coastal adaptation as well as a decision support framework. It can be accessed at www.coastadapt.com.au. Coastal adaptation encompasses many disciplines ranging from ...
... managers adapting to climate change and sea-level rise. This online tool, known as CoastAdapt, provides information on all aspects of coastal adaptation as well as a decision support framework. It can be accessed at www.coastadapt.com.au. Coastal adaptation encompasses many disciplines ranging from ...
Dynamic topography and long-term sea-level variations
... 2. Dynamic topography, eustasy and relative sea level Two examples of predicted dynamic topography, at 0 Ma and 30 Ma, are shown in Fig. 2 for a simulation adopting the V2 viscosity profile. The change in the volume of the ocean basins over the last 30 Myr appears to be dominated by a change in the v ...
... 2. Dynamic topography, eustasy and relative sea level Two examples of predicted dynamic topography, at 0 Ma and 30 Ma, are shown in Fig. 2 for a simulation adopting the V2 viscosity profile. The change in the volume of the ocean basins over the last 30 Myr appears to be dominated by a change in the v ...
Review Arctic marine mammal population status, sea ice habitat loss
... primary driver of climate change, are limited immediately, sea ice loss is likely to continue for several decades (Overland & Wang 2013). Therefore, it appears that continued unprecedented changes in AMM habitats are inevitable. We reviewed what is known about population abundance, trends in abundan ...
... primary driver of climate change, are limited immediately, sea ice loss is likely to continue for several decades (Overland & Wang 2013). Therefore, it appears that continued unprecedented changes in AMM habitats are inevitable. We reviewed what is known about population abundance, trends in abundan ...
city of santa cruz city climate change vulnerability assessment
... Just as the surface of the Earth is not flat, the surface of the oceans is also not flat, and this sea surface elevation is changing over short and long‐term time periods. We often refer to Global Sea Level, or the average height of all the Earth's oceans. Global Sea Level Rise refers to the cur ...
... Just as the surface of the Earth is not flat, the surface of the oceans is also not flat, and this sea surface elevation is changing over short and long‐term time periods. We often refer to Global Sea Level, or the average height of all the Earth's oceans. Global Sea Level Rise refers to the cur ...
5. Determining vulnerability to climate change
... 3. Development of vulnerability indicators The development of indicators to assess various dimensions of climate change is also a recent and emerging area of study. One of the most definitive discourses of such indicators comes from the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change Report (IPCC 2007), ...
... 3. Development of vulnerability indicators The development of indicators to assess various dimensions of climate change is also a recent and emerging area of study. One of the most definitive discourses of such indicators comes from the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change Report (IPCC 2007), ...
Analyzing Vulnerability of the Belize Coastal Tourism Sector
... 3. Development of vulnerability indicators The development of indicators to assess various dimensions of climate change is also a recent and emerging area of study. One of the most definitive discourses of such indicators comes from the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change Report (IPCC 2007), ...
... 3. Development of vulnerability indicators The development of indicators to assess various dimensions of climate change is also a recent and emerging area of study. One of the most definitive discourses of such indicators comes from the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change Report (IPCC 2007), ...
Potential Impacts of Contemporary Changing Climate on Caribbean
... The mathematical models are, in general, based upon imperfectlyknown geophysical and geochemical relationships and data. Yet, estimates of global climate change have been made based on these models, projecting increases in mean global temperatures in tropical regions of 0-3-5 °C during the next cent ...
... The mathematical models are, in general, based upon imperfectlyknown geophysical and geochemical relationships and data. Yet, estimates of global climate change have been made based on these models, projecting increases in mean global temperatures in tropical regions of 0-3-5 °C during the next cent ...
pdf file - Polar Science Center
... still far from small for a moderate temperature increase within this century. Here we provide an attempt of a condensed assessment of the tipping potential in figure 15. Tipping elements are sorted according to the severeness of their impact on society. The color coding represents tipping potential ...
... still far from small for a moderate temperature increase within this century. Here we provide an attempt of a condensed assessment of the tipping potential in figure 15. Tipping elements are sorted according to the severeness of their impact on society. The color coding represents tipping potential ...
polar ice sheets and climate change: GLOBAL impActs
... sheets as well as greater surface melting. The Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) estimated the maximum projected total sea-level rise from 1980–1999 to 2090–2099, excluding any accelerated ice discharge from polar ice sheets, as 0.59 metres. ...
... sheets as well as greater surface melting. The Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) estimated the maximum projected total sea-level rise from 1980–1999 to 2090–2099, excluding any accelerated ice discharge from polar ice sheets, as 0.59 metres. ...
Assessing risk of and adaptation to sea-level rise
... will be flooded we can obtain a reasonable estimate of the extent of the flooded area for a given rise in sea level, which is what we need. 2.2 The DIVA model The DIVA model is an integrated model of coastal systems that assesses biophysical and socio-economic impacts of sea-level rise and socio-eco ...
... will be flooded we can obtain a reasonable estimate of the extent of the flooded area for a given rise in sea level, which is what we need. 2.2 The DIVA model The DIVA model is an integrated model of coastal systems that assesses biophysical and socio-economic impacts of sea-level rise and socio-eco ...
Marine Ecosystem Sensitivity to Climate Change Raymond C. Smith
... duration. The blue and pink shading represent cool and warm periods, respectively. From left to right, resolution of the record increases and its duration decreases. The Lallemand Fjord record (Shevenell et al. 1996)represents the last 8000 radiocarbon years and is based on percentage of total organ ...
... duration. The blue and pink shading represent cool and warm periods, respectively. From left to right, resolution of the record increases and its duration decreases. The Lallemand Fjord record (Shevenell et al. 1996)represents the last 8000 radiocarbon years and is based on percentage of total organ ...
Name_____________________________________ Honors
... 5. What is the density of water?_________ 6. Which block will float higher the redwood or the oak?_____________ 7. Float both blocks. Was your answer to the above correct?________ 8. Measure the distance below the water line the redwood block floats. ________ cm 9. Measure the distance above the wat ...
... 5. What is the density of water?_________ 6. Which block will float higher the redwood or the oak?_____________ 7. Float both blocks. Was your answer to the above correct?________ 8. Measure the distance below the water line the redwood block floats. ________ cm 9. Measure the distance above the wat ...
Full-Text PDF
... contribute to making reasonable outlooks even without the need for explicit physical mechanisms and realistic initial conditions [29]. Some previous studies have been conducted to develop statistical models for the status of Arctic sea ice at seasonal to annual scales and showed considerable possibi ...
... contribute to making reasonable outlooks even without the need for explicit physical mechanisms and realistic initial conditions [29]. Some previous studies have been conducted to develop statistical models for the status of Arctic sea ice at seasonal to annual scales and showed considerable possibi ...
7. ice - Discovering Antarctica
... high density. There are two regions where this occurs: • where water from the Arctic Ocean enters the North Atlantic Ocean; and • at a few locations around Antarctica. The production of this especially dense water in the Southern Ocean is linked to the formation of sea ice close to floating ice shel ...
... high density. There are two regions where this occurs: • where water from the Arctic Ocean enters the North Atlantic Ocean; and • at a few locations around Antarctica. The production of this especially dense water in the Southern Ocean is linked to the formation of sea ice close to floating ice shel ...
The Mediterranean: vulnerability to coastal implications of` climate
... salinity intrusion. Global climate change will exacerbate all these ongoing problems and its potential implications are causing much concern around the world's coasts. 4,5 The Mediterranean is a good example of a coastal region where human stresses are already significant and continue to grow. 6 Inc ...
... salinity intrusion. Global climate change will exacerbate all these ongoing problems and its potential implications are causing much concern around the world's coasts. 4,5 The Mediterranean is a good example of a coastal region where human stresses are already significant and continue to grow. 6 Inc ...
Upper bounds on twenty-first-century Antarctic ice loss assessed
... in ice discharge (collapse), we project a 95th percentile mass loss equivalent to ⇠13 cm SLR by 2100, lower than previous upper-bound projections. Substantially higher mass loss requires regional collapse, invoking dynamics that are likely to be inconsistent with the underlying assumptions of SEMs. ...
... in ice discharge (collapse), we project a 95th percentile mass loss equivalent to ⇠13 cm SLR by 2100, lower than previous upper-bound projections. Substantially higher mass loss requires regional collapse, invoking dynamics that are likely to be inconsistent with the underlying assumptions of SEMs. ...
REDUCED RISK OF NORTH AMERICAN COLD EXTREMES DUE
... ice loss has accelerated in this period (Stroeve et al. 2012), so if there were a detectable influence of sea ice loss on cold extremes, we would expect to see it over this time period. Between 2000 and 2013, only one day (16 January 2009) was colder than –16.8°C, giving a probability of 0.08% (one ...
... ice loss has accelerated in this period (Stroeve et al. 2012), so if there were a detectable influence of sea ice loss on cold extremes, we would expect to see it over this time period. Between 2000 and 2013, only one day (16 January 2009) was colder than –16.8°C, giving a probability of 0.08% (one ...
geoscience_questions
... a) a glacier forms if if snowfall exceeds melting by enough, for long enough, to make a big enough pile b) a glacier forms if if snowfall does not exceed melting by enough, for long enough, to make a big enough pile c) a glacier forms if if snowfall exceeds melting by enough, for long enough, to mak ...
... a) a glacier forms if if snowfall exceeds melting by enough, for long enough, to make a big enough pile b) a glacier forms if if snowfall does not exceed melting by enough, for long enough, to make a big enough pile c) a glacier forms if if snowfall exceeds melting by enough, for long enough, to mak ...
Sea-level change and shore-line evolution in Aegean Greece since
... apptied to tectonically active areas any depar- terranean water, and (see Ftcunn 2a beglaciation of major at times modelthe from sea-levels tuies of observed epochs would early these Jt low); sea-le-teis predicted values can be attributed to tectonic if the other present the at than higher been have ...
... apptied to tectonically active areas any depar- terranean water, and (see Ftcunn 2a beglaciation of major at times modelthe from sea-levels tuies of observed epochs would early these Jt low); sea-le-teis predicted values can be attributed to tectonic if the other present the at than higher been have ...
Sea level rise
Sea level rise has been estimated to be on average between +2.6 mm and +2.9 mm per year ± 0.4 mm since 1993. Additionally, sea level rise has accelerated in recent years. For the period between 1870 and 2004, global average sea levels are estimated to have risen a total of 195 mm, and 1.7 mm ± 0.3 mm per year, with a significant acceleration of sea-level rise of 0.013 ± 0.006 mm per year per year. If this acceleration would stay constant, the 1990 to 2100 sea level rise would range from 280 to 340 mm. Another study calculated the period from 1950 to 2009, and measurements show an average annual rise in sea level of 1.7 ± 0.3 mm per year, with satellite data showing a rise of 3.3 ± 0.4 mm per year from 1993 to 2009. Sea level rise is one of several lines of evidence that support the view that the global climate has recently warmed.In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) stated that it is very likely human-induced (anthropogenic) warming contributed to the sea level rise observed in the latter half of the 20th century. The 2013 IPCC report (AR5) concluded, ""there is high confidence that the rate of sea level rise has increased during the last two centuries, and it is likely that GMSL (Global Mean Sea Level) has accelerated since the early 1900’s.Sea level rises can considerably influence human populations in coastal and island regions and natural environments like marine ecosystems. Sea level rise is expected to continue for centuries. Because of the slow inertia, long response time for parts of the climate system, it has been estimated that we are already committed to a sea-level rise of approximately 2.3 meters for each degree Celsius of temperature rise within the next 2,000 years. It has been suggested that besides CO2 emissions reductions, a short term action to reduce sea level rise is to cut emissions of heat trapping gases such as methane and particulates such as soot.