Ulanovsky et al., 2003
... during tone sequences weakened forward suppression, whereas inactivating Pvalb+ interneurons altered its spectral dependence. Additionally, these interneuron-specific effects on forward suppression were not caused by a change in the response to the earlier tone, as matching first-tone responses betw ...
... during tone sequences weakened forward suppression, whereas inactivating Pvalb+ interneurons altered its spectral dependence. Additionally, these interneuron-specific effects on forward suppression were not caused by a change in the response to the earlier tone, as matching first-tone responses betw ...
the functional properties of the light
... a multiple-stage, transcortical system. Area 7 also receives and processes neural signals transmitted via the retino-collicular system and its upward thalamocortical projections, signals thought to provide information about the spatial location of objects, not their contour, orientation, or color. T ...
... a multiple-stage, transcortical system. Area 7 also receives and processes neural signals transmitted via the retino-collicular system and its upward thalamocortical projections, signals thought to provide information about the spatial location of objects, not their contour, orientation, or color. T ...
Adaptation of Firing Rate and Spike
... NM neurons, voltage responses to depolarizing Gaussian current injections were recorded in whole-cell current-clamp mode (Fig. 1). Noise stimuli were chosen over other stimulus types such as steps and pulses because long steps elicit only a single onset spike in these neurons, whereas the effect of ...
... NM neurons, voltage responses to depolarizing Gaussian current injections were recorded in whole-cell current-clamp mode (Fig. 1). Noise stimuli were chosen over other stimulus types such as steps and pulses because long steps elicit only a single onset spike in these neurons, whereas the effect of ...
Proprioceptive Information from the Pinna Provides
... Surg ical preparation. C ats were premedicated with xylazine (2 mg, i.m.) and atropine (0.1 mg, i.m.) and anesthetized with ketamine (initial dose of 40 mg / kg, i.m.; supplemental doses of 15 mg / kg, i.v.). Body temperature (measured rectally) was maintained at 38.5°C. The head was fixed in a nose ...
... Surg ical preparation. C ats were premedicated with xylazine (2 mg, i.m.) and atropine (0.1 mg, i.m.) and anesthetized with ketamine (initial dose of 40 mg / kg, i.m.; supplemental doses of 15 mg / kg, i.v.). Body temperature (measured rectally) was maintained at 38.5°C. The head was fixed in a nose ...
High reward expectancy during methylphenidate depresses the
... RPE. Instead, we created a full-range parametric variation of the RPE from unexpected high punishment to unexpected large reward and measured the phasic dopamine response for each level. Second, previous studies used task paradigms in which participants learn to improve performance. Such tasks engag ...
... RPE. Instead, we created a full-range parametric variation of the RPE from unexpected high punishment to unexpected large reward and measured the phasic dopamine response for each level. Second, previous studies used task paradigms in which participants learn to improve performance. Such tasks engag ...
Effect of Spatial Attention on the Responses of Area MT Neurons
... effects revealed in our paradigm were an order of magnitude smaller than those observed by Treue and Maunsell; responses were only 8.7% stronger, on average, when the monkey attended to the spatial location containing the preferred direction stimulus. The attentional effect was equivalent, on averag ...
... effects revealed in our paradigm were an order of magnitude smaller than those observed by Treue and Maunsell; responses were only 8.7% stronger, on average, when the monkey attended to the spatial location containing the preferred direction stimulus. The attentional effect was equivalent, on averag ...
Median Nerve Conduction Velocity
... Although the IXTA can generate up to 100 Volts, the current delivered by the unit is limited to a maximum of 20 milliamperes, for a maximum duration of 10 milliseconds per pulse, and a maximum frequency of 50 pulses per second (Hz). At these levels, the maximum amount of power delivered by the IXTA ...
... Although the IXTA can generate up to 100 Volts, the current delivered by the unit is limited to a maximum of 20 milliamperes, for a maximum duration of 10 milliseconds per pulse, and a maximum frequency of 50 pulses per second (Hz). At these levels, the maximum amount of power delivered by the IXTA ...
Long latency EMG responses in hand and leg muscles
... for these responses is still debated.4 5 Based on clinical evidence there are several reasons to assume a supraspinal origin, at least for responses recorded from distal hand muscles.3 6 If so, the question arises, which supraspinal structures are engaged in the transmission of long latency response ...
... for these responses is still debated.4 5 Based on clinical evidence there are several reasons to assume a supraspinal origin, at least for responses recorded from distal hand muscles.3 6 If so, the question arises, which supraspinal structures are engaged in the transmission of long latency response ...
5655.full - Journal of Neuroscience
... emotion as vividly as possible when the fractals were presented. Functional MRI data were acquired in four runs, with two runs for faces and bodies, respectively: one in which the associated fractals were presented and another in which the emotional stimuli were presented. Each run started and ended ...
... emotion as vividly as possible when the fractals were presented. Functional MRI data were acquired in four runs, with two runs for faces and bodies, respectively: one in which the associated fractals were presented and another in which the emotional stimuli were presented. Each run started and ended ...
Motor Cognition and Mental Simulation
... found that not only did the perceived speed of object A influence participants’ reproduced velocities but, even though participants had been asked to reproduce only the speed of object A, their velocity reproductions were also influenced by the speed of object B. Simply having perceived object B pri ...
... found that not only did the perceived speed of object A influence participants’ reproduced velocities but, even though participants had been asked to reproduce only the speed of object A, their velocity reproductions were also influenced by the speed of object B. Simply having perceived object B pri ...
Serotonin 1B Receptor Modulates Frequency Response Curves and
... Auditory stimuli were created and data were collected with the custom software package Batlab (Dr. Donald Gans, Kent State University). Stimuli were regulated in intensity through a PA5 attenuator and were filtered through an FT-6 antialias filter (TDT; Alachua, FL). Stimuli were played through eith ...
... Auditory stimuli were created and data were collected with the custom software package Batlab (Dr. Donald Gans, Kent State University). Stimuli were regulated in intensity through a PA5 attenuator and were filtered through an FT-6 antialias filter (TDT; Alachua, FL). Stimuli were played through eith ...
Two Critical and Functionally Distinct Stages of Face and Body Perception
... Cortical regions that respond preferentially to particular object categories, such as faces and bodies, are essential for visual perception of these object categories. However, precisely when these regions play a causal role in recognition of their preferred categories is unclear. Here we addressed ...
... Cortical regions that respond preferentially to particular object categories, such as faces and bodies, are essential for visual perception of these object categories. However, precisely when these regions play a causal role in recognition of their preferred categories is unclear. Here we addressed ...
Neuronal Activity in Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata during Target
... activated by stimulation within the SC (Hikosaka and Wurtz, 1983d). For this, electric current was passed through tungsten microelectrodes (Frederick Haer) with impedances between 0.1 and 0.7 M⍀ measured at 1 kHz. Single, biphasic pulses 150 sec in duration were used. Current intensities varied wit ...
... activated by stimulation within the SC (Hikosaka and Wurtz, 1983d). For this, electric current was passed through tungsten microelectrodes (Frederick Haer) with impedances between 0.1 and 0.7 M⍀ measured at 1 kHz. Single, biphasic pulses 150 sec in duration were used. Current intensities varied wit ...
Neuronal activity in human primary visual cortex correlates with
... rivalry? For comparison, we did a separate series of scans measuring V1 activity while the stimuli physically alternated between the two monocular gratings (Fig. 1c). The duration of each stimulus presentation was determined by randomly sampling from the distribution of durations reported (via the s ...
... rivalry? For comparison, we did a separate series of scans measuring V1 activity while the stimuli physically alternated between the two monocular gratings (Fig. 1c). The duration of each stimulus presentation was determined by randomly sampling from the distribution of durations reported (via the s ...
A Neural Theory of Visual Attention
... an object is represented increases with the behavioral importance of the object (parallel processing with differential allocation of resources). More specifically, the probability that a cortical neuron represents a particular object within its classical receptive field (RF) equals the attentional w ...
... an object is represented increases with the behavioral importance of the object (parallel processing with differential allocation of resources). More specifically, the probability that a cortical neuron represents a particular object within its classical receptive field (RF) equals the attentional w ...
A Comparison of Spiking Statistics in Motion Sensing Neurones of
... on the other hand, responses are highly variable, more neurones and additional processing stages (e.g. averaging) may be necessary to encode the stimulus with equal precision. In their article in this volume, Warzecha and Egelhaaf conclude provocatively that the motion sensing neurone, H1, of the fl ...
... on the other hand, responses are highly variable, more neurones and additional processing stages (e.g. averaging) may be necessary to encode the stimulus with equal precision. In their article in this volume, Warzecha and Egelhaaf conclude provocatively that the motion sensing neurone, H1, of the fl ...
and Third-Order Neurons of Cockroach Ocelli
... The sinusoidal light stimulus consisted of two components, a steady mean, I0, and a dynamic component, l(f), as shown in Fig. 2. I0 was constant at 20 #W/cm 2 throughout this study. l(f) was defined by modulation frequency (Hertz) and depth of modulation. The depth is defined in the conventional fas ...
... The sinusoidal light stimulus consisted of two components, a steady mean, I0, and a dynamic component, l(f), as shown in Fig. 2. I0 was constant at 20 #W/cm 2 throughout this study. l(f) was defined by modulation frequency (Hertz) and depth of modulation. The depth is defined in the conventional fas ...
Reflex arcs PowerPoint
... The pupil response allows the iris to contract and dilate This changes the size of the pupil In the eye the pupil acts like an aperture It controls the amount of light which enters the eye.. … and protect the retina from “overexposure” ...
... The pupil response allows the iris to contract and dilate This changes the size of the pupil In the eye the pupil acts like an aperture It controls the amount of light which enters the eye.. … and protect the retina from “overexposure” ...
The role of neuronal synchronization in selective attention
... change had occurred. This finding suggests that the processing or the signalling of a sensory change is more efficient when it is handled by an area that is engaged in enhanced gamma-band synchronization [6]. Importantly, the influence of local synchronization of behavioural responses was spatiall ...
... change had occurred. This finding suggests that the processing or the signalling of a sensory change is more efficient when it is handled by an area that is engaged in enhanced gamma-band synchronization [6]. Importantly, the influence of local synchronization of behavioural responses was spatiall ...
Magnocellular and Parvocellular Contributions to
... particular response property in the cortex cannot be taken as conclusive evidence for input from 1 channel. Physiological approaches based on response latency (Maunsell and Schiller, 1984; Berson, 1985; Petersen et al., 1988) are similarly limited in that they can only provide conclusive evidence fo ...
... particular response property in the cortex cannot be taken as conclusive evidence for input from 1 channel. Physiological approaches based on response latency (Maunsell and Schiller, 1984; Berson, 1985; Petersen et al., 1988) are similarly limited in that they can only provide conclusive evidence fo ...
Spatial Responsiveness of Monkey Hippocampal Neurons to
... activity of neurons in the hippocampal formation of the conscious monkey was recorded during presentation of various visual and auditory stimuli from several directions around the monkey. Of 1,047 neurons recorded, 106 (10.1%) responded to some stimuli from one or more directions. Of these 106 neuro ...
... activity of neurons in the hippocampal formation of the conscious monkey was recorded during presentation of various visual and auditory stimuli from several directions around the monkey. Of 1,047 neurons recorded, 106 (10.1%) responded to some stimuli from one or more directions. Of these 106 neuro ...
Neural correlates of odor learning in the honeybee antennal lobe
... available, that gave the best signal-to-noise ratio and that did not record from the same unit(s) were selected. Two forms of spike signals were observed. In the first case the signal-to-noise ratio was high, and the spikes were of the same waveform and amplitude (Fig. 1b). This type of spike signal ...
... available, that gave the best signal-to-noise ratio and that did not record from the same unit(s) were selected. Two forms of spike signals were observed. In the first case the signal-to-noise ratio was high, and the spikes were of the same waveform and amplitude (Fig. 1b). This type of spike signal ...
Rule-Selection and Action-Selection have a Shared
... Subjects were scanned during performance of a rule-based response selection task (see Fig. 1). Apart from null trials, each trial lasting 4.25 s followed a similar format: a rule cue for 1 s (width ~2"), blank screen interval for 1 s, response cue for 1 s (width ~4") during which a response may be m ...
... Subjects were scanned during performance of a rule-based response selection task (see Fig. 1). Apart from null trials, each trial lasting 4.25 s followed a similar format: a rule cue for 1 s (width ~2"), blank screen interval for 1 s, response cue for 1 s (width ~4") during which a response may be m ...
Timescales of Inference in Visual Adaptation
... tion is also consistent with models of contrast adaptation later in the visual system (e.g., Bonin et al., 2005; Carandini and Heeger, 1994). A model based on a subtractive mechanism could also account for the measured dynamics of adaptation. The key aspect of the model is not how the parameter esti ...
... tion is also consistent with models of contrast adaptation later in the visual system (e.g., Bonin et al., 2005; Carandini and Heeger, 1994). A model based on a subtractive mechanism could also account for the measured dynamics of adaptation. The key aspect of the model is not how the parameter esti ...
Response priming
In the psychology of perception and motor control, the term response priming denotes a special form of priming. Generally, priming effects take place whenever a response to a target stimulus is influenced by a prime stimulus presented at an earlier time. The distinctive feature of response priming is that prime and target are presented in quick succession (typically, less than 100 milliseconds apart) and are coupled to identical or alternative motor responses. When a speeded motor response is performed to classify the target stimulus, a prime immediately preceding the target can thus induce response conflicts when assigned to a different response as the target. These response conflicts have observable effects on motor behavior, leading to priming effects, e.g., in response times and error rates. A special property of response priming is its independence from visual awareness of the prime.