Representation in the Human Brain of Food Texture and Oral Fat
... cortex. Third, it was found that oral delivery of fatty vegetable oil activates both of these insular cortex regions, the hypothalamus, and the dorsal midanterior cingulate cortex. Fourth, it was found that the ventral anterior cingulate cortex, where it borders the medial orbitofrontal cortex, was ...
... cortex. Third, it was found that oral delivery of fatty vegetable oil activates both of these insular cortex regions, the hypothalamus, and the dorsal midanterior cingulate cortex. Fourth, it was found that the ventral anterior cingulate cortex, where it borders the medial orbitofrontal cortex, was ...
Distinct Functions of 3 and V Integrin Receptors
... throughout the aggregates (Figures 5A and 5E). However, in the presence of a3 integrin-blocking antibodies, neurons and glia tend to segregate from each other, either into pure aggregates in which only a few cells (1–10) in an aggregate are of the other cell type or into clustered aggregates in whic ...
... throughout the aggregates (Figures 5A and 5E). However, in the presence of a3 integrin-blocking antibodies, neurons and glia tend to segregate from each other, either into pure aggregates in which only a few cells (1–10) in an aggregate are of the other cell type or into clustered aggregates in whic ...
BMC Neuroscience Serial pathways from primate prefrontal cortex to autonomic areas
... We then used a different approach to obtain an overview of the origin and relative strength of serial pathways leading from the prefrontal cortex to the hypothalamus, and from the hypothalamus to autonomic regions in the brainstem, in addition to the spinal autonomic center, demonstrated above. We a ...
... We then used a different approach to obtain an overview of the origin and relative strength of serial pathways leading from the prefrontal cortex to the hypothalamus, and from the hypothalamus to autonomic regions in the brainstem, in addition to the spinal autonomic center, demonstrated above. We a ...
Motor learning in man: A review of functional and clinical studies
... observed regardless of the hand used during training, indicating a left-hemispheric dominance in the storage of visuomotor skills. Concerning frontal areas, learned actions of sequential character are represented in the caudal part of the supplementary motor area (SMA proper), whereas the lateral pr ...
... observed regardless of the hand used during training, indicating a left-hemispheric dominance in the storage of visuomotor skills. Concerning frontal areas, learned actions of sequential character are represented in the caudal part of the supplementary motor area (SMA proper), whereas the lateral pr ...
Scaling self-organizing maps to model large cortical networks
... that allows much larger networks to be simulated in a given computation time and in a given amount of memory. The simulations begin with a small network, which is gradually scaled up as it self-organizes. This approach is effective for two reasons: (1) pruning-based self-organizing models tend to ha ...
... that allows much larger networks to be simulated in a given computation time and in a given amount of memory. The simulations begin with a small network, which is gradually scaled up as it self-organizes. This approach is effective for two reasons: (1) pruning-based self-organizing models tend to ha ...
A Theory of Cerebral Cortex - Temporal Dynamics of Learning Center
... arbitrarily (and permanently) assigned to represent exactly one unique English word of the 10,000 most frequently seen words in a 1.4 billion word corpus of general proper English text (e.g., news stories). Concatenating the sentences of the corpus into one long string of words with punctuation (and ...
... arbitrarily (and permanently) assigned to represent exactly one unique English word of the 10,000 most frequently seen words in a 1.4 billion word corpus of general proper English text (e.g., news stories). Concatenating the sentences of the corpus into one long string of words with punctuation (and ...
Short frontal lobe connections of the human brain
... Through long-range projection and association fibres the frontal lobes receive sensory information from subcortical nuclei (e.g., thalamus) and sensory cortices (i.e., visual, auditory, somatosensory, gustatory and olfactory) and respond to environmental stimuli. These connections are also used to e ...
... Through long-range projection and association fibres the frontal lobes receive sensory information from subcortical nuclei (e.g., thalamus) and sensory cortices (i.e., visual, auditory, somatosensory, gustatory and olfactory) and respond to environmental stimuli. These connections are also used to e ...
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... experienced sensory input in the cortex. Such experience-dependent plasticity depends on the presence of high levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in the cortex prior to maturation. In an adult rat, we paired acoustic input with injections of Rolipram-a drug that increases cortical cAMP ...
... experienced sensory input in the cortex. Such experience-dependent plasticity depends on the presence of high levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in the cortex prior to maturation. In an adult rat, we paired acoustic input with injections of Rolipram-a drug that increases cortical cAMP ...
19 CORTICAL PROJECTIONS FROM TWO PRESTRIATE AREAS IN
... were therefore planned to fall in regions of vertical and horizontal meridian rerepresentations of areas 18 and 19 of both upper and lower prestriate cortex (see Fig. 1). The region between the anterior border of area 19 and the depth of the superior temporal sulcus was examined for degeneration, be ...
... were therefore planned to fall in regions of vertical and horizontal meridian rerepresentations of areas 18 and 19 of both upper and lower prestriate cortex (see Fig. 1). The region between the anterior border of area 19 and the depth of the superior temporal sulcus was examined for degeneration, be ...
Alan Peters
... wife to work, so there was only my father's income to support the family. N o t t i n g h a m was basically an industrial town, and most of the neighbors worked in the lace trade, at Players tobacco factory, in the local coal mine, or at a factory t h a t made bicycles. Nevertheless, it was a friend ...
... wife to work, so there was only my father's income to support the family. N o t t i n g h a m was basically an industrial town, and most of the neighbors worked in the lace trade, at Players tobacco factory, in the local coal mine, or at a factory t h a t made bicycles. Nevertheless, it was a friend ...
Changes of Synaptic Density in the Primary Visual Cortex of the
... that mature over a prolonged time. Previous quantitative analyses of synaptogenesis in the primate cortex that have suggested a transient phase of high density of synapses during infancy have been limited in the developmental ages sampled, in the selection of cortical laminae analyzed, and in the ma ...
... that mature over a prolonged time. Previous quantitative analyses of synaptogenesis in the primate cortex that have suggested a transient phase of high density of synapses during infancy have been limited in the developmental ages sampled, in the selection of cortical laminae analyzed, and in the ma ...
Sensorimotor cortical influences on cuneate nucleus
... Intracellular recording was performed on 33 animals different from those used for extracellular recording. In three animals, the frontoparietal cortex was bilaterally removed to study whether cuneate cells presented rhythmic activity in the absence of corticocuneate input. Only cuneate neurons respo ...
... Intracellular recording was performed on 33 animals different from those used for extracellular recording. In three animals, the frontoparietal cortex was bilaterally removed to study whether cuneate cells presented rhythmic activity in the absence of corticocuneate input. Only cuneate neurons respo ...
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... 1999) or interleaved with neurons sensitive to azimuthal location (Clarey et al. 1994). In the visual cortex and in the bat auditory forebrain, the role of multiple field representation of sensory stimuli supports the notion of hierarchical refinement and increasing functional specialization. There ...
... 1999) or interleaved with neurons sensitive to azimuthal location (Clarey et al. 1994). In the visual cortex and in the bat auditory forebrain, the role of multiple field representation of sensory stimuli supports the notion of hierarchical refinement and increasing functional specialization. There ...
Cortical and subcortical afferents to the nucleus reticularis tegmenti
... follows: (1) An injection within MT produced terminal label limited to the dorsolateral and lateral pontine nuclei. (2) Injections restricted to MST or LIP showed patches of terminal label in the dorsal, dorsolateral, lateral, and peduncular pontine nuclei. (3) Area 7a targets the dorsal, dorsolater ...
... follows: (1) An injection within MT produced terminal label limited to the dorsolateral and lateral pontine nuclei. (2) Injections restricted to MST or LIP showed patches of terminal label in the dorsal, dorsolateral, lateral, and peduncular pontine nuclei. (3) Area 7a targets the dorsal, dorsolater ...
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... and looped architectures are suggested to be basic principles of the corticobasal ganglia system (1), it is likely that there are multiple parallel circuits running through the PFC and the basal ganglia, with each circuit involved in distinct aspects of behavioral control. The subthalamic nucleus, w ...
... and looped architectures are suggested to be basic principles of the corticobasal ganglia system (1), it is likely that there are multiple parallel circuits running through the PFC and the basal ganglia, with each circuit involved in distinct aspects of behavioral control. The subthalamic nucleus, w ...
Rhythmic Spontaneous Activity in the Piriform Cortex
... The inset shows how duration was measured at the point where the mean frequency line crossed the central peak. The 2 dashed lines represent the 95% confidence interval. The next peak in the autocorrelogram reveals the period of the oscillation (see Materials and Methods for details). (B) Power spect ...
... The inset shows how duration was measured at the point where the mean frequency line crossed the central peak. The 2 dashed lines represent the 95% confidence interval. The next peak in the autocorrelogram reveals the period of the oscillation (see Materials and Methods for details). (B) Power spect ...
Goal-direction and top-down control
... associations were previously captured through learning by strengthening the associations among contexts, actions and outcomes that successfully achieved a goal (i.e. they are rewarded). Conversely, associations that are ineffective at obtaining a reward are weakened. Such learning is ‘supervised’ in ...
... associations were previously captured through learning by strengthening the associations among contexts, actions and outcomes that successfully achieved a goal (i.e. they are rewarded). Conversely, associations that are ineffective at obtaining a reward are weakened. Such learning is ‘supervised’ in ...
Columnar Organization of Dendrites and Axons of Single and
... whereas the axons of the presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron project throughout the cortex from layer 1 to the white matter with extensive arborization in layers 2/3 and 4. In contrast, dendrites of star pyramidal neurons have no asymmetric distribution. They are largely confined to layer 4, with th ...
... whereas the axons of the presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron project throughout the cortex from layer 1 to the white matter with extensive arborization in layers 2/3 and 4. In contrast, dendrites of star pyramidal neurons have no asymmetric distribution. They are largely confined to layer 4, with th ...
The occipitoparietal pathway of the macaque monkey: comparison
... macaque striate cortex by Brodmann (1909). The main differences between Hassler’s and Brodmann’s nomenclatures are summarized in Table 2. We have decided to use the Hassler scheme because, based on cytology and efferent connections, there is now ample evidence to support the view that some of the su ...
... macaque striate cortex by Brodmann (1909). The main differences between Hassler’s and Brodmann’s nomenclatures are summarized in Table 2. We have decided to use the Hassler scheme because, based on cytology and efferent connections, there is now ample evidence to support the view that some of the su ...
Different representations of pleasant and unpleasant odours in the
... Image preprocessing was performed with FLIRT (FMRIB Linear Registration Tool) (Jenkinson & Smith, 2001) for realignment, reslicing with sinc interpolation and normalization in MNI space (Collins et al., 1994). SPM99 (Wellcome Institute of Cognitive Neurology) was then used ®rst in applying spatial s ...
... Image preprocessing was performed with FLIRT (FMRIB Linear Registration Tool) (Jenkinson & Smith, 2001) for realignment, reslicing with sinc interpolation and normalization in MNI space (Collins et al., 1994). SPM99 (Wellcome Institute of Cognitive Neurology) was then used ®rst in applying spatial s ...
Column-Based Model of Electric Field Excitation of Cerebral Cortex
... et al. [1989] hypothesized that TMS stimulation must be exciting the tangentially oriented neural elements at the gyral crown, such as horizontal interneurons or horizontal collaterals of pyramidal track axons. This inference is based entirely on the assumption that TMS-induced excitation occurs at ...
... et al. [1989] hypothesized that TMS stimulation must be exciting the tangentially oriented neural elements at the gyral crown, such as horizontal interneurons or horizontal collaterals of pyramidal track axons. This inference is based entirely on the assumption that TMS-induced excitation occurs at ...
The cortical column: a structure without a function
... Hubel and Wiesel’s classic model showing orientation columns as discrete slabs is misleading because the columns are borderless in real life. The diagram is still useful, however, because it captures an early view of how multiple column systems in the primary visual cortex might be organized. Althou ...
... Hubel and Wiesel’s classic model showing orientation columns as discrete slabs is misleading because the columns are borderless in real life. The diagram is still useful, however, because it captures an early view of how multiple column systems in the primary visual cortex might be organized. Althou ...
Constraints on Somatotopic Organization in the Primary Motor Cortex
... wrote, “It must be emphasized . . . that this diagram is an inadequate representation of the localization pattern, since in a line drawing one cannot indicate the successive overlap which is so characteristic a feature of cortical representation. . . .” (Woolsey et al. 1952, p. 252). While the examp ...
... wrote, “It must be emphasized . . . that this diagram is an inadequate representation of the localization pattern, since in a line drawing one cannot indicate the successive overlap which is so characteristic a feature of cortical representation. . . .” (Woolsey et al. 1952, p. 252). While the examp ...
PT 311 NEUROSCIENCE
... recognize that each striatal division (and the distinct circuits through the basal ganglia that derive from each) share common structural and functional motifs that help explain their contribution to the modulation of behavior. Each circuit is involved in the initiation or suppression of some progra ...
... recognize that each striatal division (and the distinct circuits through the basal ganglia that derive from each) share common structural and functional motifs that help explain their contribution to the modulation of behavior. Each circuit is involved in the initiation or suppression of some progra ...
i BASAL GANGLIA PATHWAYS: BEYOND THE CLOSED
... that the BG participates in open-loop circuits with the dorsal prefrontal cortex (PFC). Specifically, the ventral striatum (VStr) projects to the dorsal PFC, but does not receive input back from the dorsal PFC. Our results expand on the finding that there exist openloop circuits between the BG and m ...
... that the BG participates in open-loop circuits with the dorsal prefrontal cortex (PFC). Specifically, the ventral striatum (VStr) projects to the dorsal PFC, but does not receive input back from the dorsal PFC. Our results expand on the finding that there exist openloop circuits between the BG and m ...
Cerebral cortex
The cerebral cortex is the cerebrum's (brain) outer layer of neural tissue in humans and other mammals. It is divided into two cortices, along the sagittal plane: the left and right cerebral hemispheres divided by the medial longitudinal fissure. The cerebral cortex plays a key role in memory, attention, perception, awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. The human cerebral cortex is 2 to 4 millimetres (0.079 to 0.157 in) thick.In large mammals, the cerebral cortex is folded, giving a much greater surface area in the confined volume of the skull. A fold or ridge in the cortex is termed a gyrus (plural gyri) and a groove or fissure is termed a sulcus (plural sulci). In the human brain more than two-thirds of the cerebral cortex is buried in the sulci.The cerebral cortex is gray matter, consisting mainly of cell bodies (with astrocytes being the most abundant cell type in the cortex as well as the human brain as a whole) and capillaries. It contrasts with the underlying white matter, consisting mainly of the white myelinated sheaths of neuronal axons. The phylogenetically most recent part of the cerebral cortex, the neocortex (also called isocortex), is differentiated into six horizontal layers; the more ancient part of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, has at most three cellular layers. Neurons in various layers connect vertically to form small microcircuits, called cortical columns. Different neocortical regions known as Brodmann areas are distinguished by variations in their cytoarchitectonics (histological structure) and functional roles in sensation, cognition and behavior.