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... The location of these sites in the precentral gyrus is shown in Figure 7. A similar cluster of ten hand-to-mouth sites was found in monkey 2. In all cases, the movement appeared to be natural and coordinated. We never evoked a hand-to-mouth posture in which the hand faced away from the mouth, in whi ...
... The location of these sites in the precentral gyrus is shown in Figure 7. A similar cluster of ten hand-to-mouth sites was found in monkey 2. In all cases, the movement appeared to be natural and coordinated. We never evoked a hand-to-mouth posture in which the hand faced away from the mouth, in whi ...
Switching from automatic to controlled behavior: cortico - lsr
... support the view that the frontal cortical areas play executive roles in behavioral switching. The anterior cingulate cortex acts retroactively and the pre-supplementary motor area acts proactively to enable behavioral switching. The lateral prefrontal cortex reconfigures cognitive processes constit ...
... support the view that the frontal cortical areas play executive roles in behavioral switching. The anterior cingulate cortex acts retroactively and the pre-supplementary motor area acts proactively to enable behavioral switching. The lateral prefrontal cortex reconfigures cognitive processes constit ...
How Inhibition Shapes Cortical Activity
... Cortical processing reflects the interplay of synaptic excitation and synaptic inhibition. Rapidly accumulating evidence is highlighting the crucial role of inhibition in shaping spontaneous and sensory-evoked cortical activity and thus underscores how a better knowledge of inhibitory circuits is ne ...
... Cortical processing reflects the interplay of synaptic excitation and synaptic inhibition. Rapidly accumulating evidence is highlighting the crucial role of inhibition in shaping spontaneous and sensory-evoked cortical activity and thus underscores how a better knowledge of inhibitory circuits is ne ...
Clustered Organization of Neurons with Similar Extra
... together with histological reconstruction of the electrode track through the cortical layers (Figure 3, right panels). Regardless of whether the penetration was tangential, oblique, or normal to the cortical surface, two general characteristics of the neuronal distribution were observed. First, we f ...
... together with histological reconstruction of the electrode track through the cortical layers (Figure 3, right panels). Regardless of whether the penetration was tangential, oblique, or normal to the cortical surface, two general characteristics of the neuronal distribution were observed. First, we f ...
Physiological patterns in the hippocampo
... (Dolorfo and Amaral, 1998a). Thus, a rich autoassociative network, similar to CA3 but with different electrophysiological properties, may exist in layer II, layer III, or both superficial entorhinal layers. The presence of a large population of fast-spiking stellate neurons with intrinsic oscillator ...
... (Dolorfo and Amaral, 1998a). Thus, a rich autoassociative network, similar to CA3 but with different electrophysiological properties, may exist in layer II, layer III, or both superficial entorhinal layers. The presence of a large population of fast-spiking stellate neurons with intrinsic oscillator ...
Physiological Patterns in the Hippocampo
... (Dolorfo and Amaral, 1998a). Thus, a rich autoassociative network, similar to CA3 but with different electrophysiological properties, may exist in layer II, layer III, or both superficial entorhinal layers. The presence of a large population of fast-spiking stellate neurons with intrinsic oscillator ...
... (Dolorfo and Amaral, 1998a). Thus, a rich autoassociative network, similar to CA3 but with different electrophysiological properties, may exist in layer II, layer III, or both superficial entorhinal layers. The presence of a large population of fast-spiking stellate neurons with intrinsic oscillator ...
memory systems in the brain
... in the orbitofrontal cortex, but not at earlier stages of processing in primates, decrease to the food as the reward value of the food decreases (Rolls 1997a, 1999a). This functional architecture enables the taste representation in the primary cortex to be used for purposes that are not reward depen ...
... in the orbitofrontal cortex, but not at earlier stages of processing in primates, decrease to the food as the reward value of the food decreases (Rolls 1997a, 1999a). This functional architecture enables the taste representation in the primary cortex to be used for purposes that are not reward depen ...
Anatomofunctional organization of the ventral primary motor and
... eyes. We further checked whether different types of movements (i.e. scratching, grooming or spontaneous finger flexion movements) were equally effective in triggering neuronal discharge in order to establish whether the activity was related to simple movements or motor acts. Grasping-related respons ...
... eyes. We further checked whether different types of movements (i.e. scratching, grooming or spontaneous finger flexion movements) were equally effective in triggering neuronal discharge in order to establish whether the activity was related to simple movements or motor acts. Grasping-related respons ...
Processes Changes in Acetylcholine Extracellular Levels
... behavior after a visual stimulus, and sniffing and consummatory behavior after olfactory stimulation. All stimuli produced an ACh increase of the same size in the hippocampus, whereas in the cortex, the tactile stimulation produced a larger increase than the other stimuli. It appears therefore that ...
... behavior after a visual stimulus, and sniffing and consummatory behavior after olfactory stimulation. All stimuli produced an ACh increase of the same size in the hippocampus, whereas in the cortex, the tactile stimulation produced a larger increase than the other stimuli. It appears therefore that ...
Hemispheric asymmetries of cortical volume in the human brain
... heteromodal association cortices. Heteromodal inferoparietal and ventrolateral prefrontal cortices are more extensive in the right than left hemisphere. By contrast, mesial and orbital prefrontal and cingulate cortices are more extensive in the left than right hemisphere. These asymmetries closely p ...
... heteromodal association cortices. Heteromodal inferoparietal and ventrolateral prefrontal cortices are more extensive in the right than left hemisphere. By contrast, mesial and orbital prefrontal and cingulate cortices are more extensive in the left than right hemisphere. These asymmetries closely p ...
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... of neurons subjected to various sound stimuli in these areas and has yielded a greater understanding of auditory cortical circuitry. For example, neurons in the nonprimary areas are known to have more complicated response properties than those in A1 (Schreiner and Cynader, 1984; Rauschecker et al., ...
... of neurons subjected to various sound stimuli in these areas and has yielded a greater understanding of auditory cortical circuitry. For example, neurons in the nonprimary areas are known to have more complicated response properties than those in A1 (Schreiner and Cynader, 1984; Rauschecker et al., ...
Neuronal morphology in the African elephant (Loxodonta africana
... elephants reinforce the view that such a large brain is associated with extensive abilities (Roth and Dicke 2005; Hart and Hart, in press). The cognitive repertoire of elephants includes elementary tool construction/usage (Hart et al. 2001), impressive spatial and temporal memory (Markowitz et al. 1 ...
... elephants reinforce the view that such a large brain is associated with extensive abilities (Roth and Dicke 2005; Hart and Hart, in press). The cognitive repertoire of elephants includes elementary tool construction/usage (Hart et al. 2001), impressive spatial and temporal memory (Markowitz et al. 1 ...
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... Fig. 2. Illustration of how cells plotted in coronal sections were collected to form a lateral view of their distribution in cortex. For each coronal section, a photographic montage was produced that captured the regions of cortex containing filled neurons. The montage was used to create a line draw ...
... Fig. 2. Illustration of how cells plotted in coronal sections were collected to form a lateral view of their distribution in cortex. For each coronal section, a photographic montage was produced that captured the regions of cortex containing filled neurons. The montage was used to create a line draw ...
The auditory cortex
... (Hellweg et al. 1977) or up to six auditory ®elds (Redies et al. 1989), rats were described as having two (Sally and Kelly 1988) or four ®elds (Horikawa et al. 1988), and house mice, depending on the strain, may have three not well-de®ned (Willott et al. 1993) or ®ve clearly distinct ®elds (Stiebler ...
... (Hellweg et al. 1977) or up to six auditory ®elds (Redies et al. 1989), rats were described as having two (Sally and Kelly 1988) or four ®elds (Horikawa et al. 1988), and house mice, depending on the strain, may have three not well-de®ned (Willott et al. 1993) or ®ve clearly distinct ®elds (Stiebler ...
connect_review_20150316 - Royal Holloway, University of London
... “modules” (with some degree of processing autonomy) and to act predominantly on feedforward visual input. This modular view can be complemented by a view that treats brain areas as elements within more complex networks and as influenced by network properties. This network-oriented viewpoint is emerg ...
... “modules” (with some degree of processing autonomy) and to act predominantly on feedforward visual input. This modular view can be complemented by a view that treats brain areas as elements within more complex networks and as influenced by network properties. This network-oriented viewpoint is emerg ...
Cortical areas are linked through pathways which originate and
... areas? For example, do limbic areas issue projections from neurons in their deep layers when they project to eulaminate areas as well as when they communicate with each other? What is the pattern of connection between eulaminate areas with different laminar organization? What is the relative distrib ...
... areas? For example, do limbic areas issue projections from neurons in their deep layers when they project to eulaminate areas as well as when they communicate with each other? What is the pattern of connection between eulaminate areas with different laminar organization? What is the relative distrib ...
Visual Processing in the Primate Brain
... evolved biological system, the goal of vision is not to produce a veridical description of the external world but a description that facilitates adaptive behavior. Those aspects of the input that contain information critical for behavior will be emphasized and those aspects that carry little informa ...
... evolved biological system, the goal of vision is not to produce a veridical description of the external world but a description that facilitates adaptive behavior. Those aspects of the input that contain information critical for behavior will be emphasized and those aspects that carry little informa ...
View PDF - Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences
... al., 1999) which contains ‘broadly tuned’ cells that respond maximally to complex species-specific vocalizations (Rauschecker et al., 1995; Kosaki et al., 1997). Price and co-workers (Öngür and Price, 2000) have subdivided the OMPFC into two networks with differing connections and functions: medial ...
... al., 1999) which contains ‘broadly tuned’ cells that respond maximally to complex species-specific vocalizations (Rauschecker et al., 1995; Kosaki et al., 1997). Price and co-workers (Öngür and Price, 2000) have subdivided the OMPFC into two networks with differing connections and functions: medial ...
Frontal lobe dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
... (P < 0.001) impaired activation in cortical and subcortical regions including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC; areas 46 and 9), lateral premotor cortex (areas 8 and 6), medial prefrontal and premotor cortices (areas 8 and 9), insular cortex bilaterally and the anterior thalamic nuclear com ...
... (P < 0.001) impaired activation in cortical and subcortical regions including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC; areas 46 and 9), lateral premotor cortex (areas 8 and 6), medial prefrontal and premotor cortices (areas 8 and 9), insular cortex bilaterally and the anterior thalamic nuclear com ...
How Does the Brain Produce Movement?
... The Forebrain and Movement Initiation Complex movements, such as painting a work of art, include many components. For instance, your perceptions of what is appearing on the canvas must be closely coordinated with the brush strokes that your hand makes to achieve the desired effect. The same high deg ...
... The Forebrain and Movement Initiation Complex movements, such as painting a work of art, include many components. For instance, your perceptions of what is appearing on the canvas must be closely coordinated with the brush strokes that your hand makes to achieve the desired effect. The same high deg ...
Pathways for emotions and memory prefrontal cortices in the rhesus monkey
... PII: S 1 4 7 2 - 9 2 8 8 ( 0 2 ) 0 0 0 3 1 - 6 ...
... PII: S 1 4 7 2 - 9 2 8 8 ( 0 2 ) 0 0 0 3 1 - 6 ...
12 - PHSchool.com
... The cerebral cortex is composed of gray matter: neuron cell bodies, dendrites, associated glia and blood vessels, but no fiber tracts. It contains billions of neurons arranged in six layers. Although it is only 2–4 mm (about 1/8 inch) thick, it accounts for roughly 40% of total brain mass. Its many ...
... The cerebral cortex is composed of gray matter: neuron cell bodies, dendrites, associated glia and blood vessels, but no fiber tracts. It contains billions of neurons arranged in six layers. Although it is only 2–4 mm (about 1/8 inch) thick, it accounts for roughly 40% of total brain mass. Its many ...
Hubel 1977_Small
... the cortex. Thus it is not unfair to say that it is basically a one-synapse station. The axons that form the output of the geniculates pass back in the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres to the striate cortex. The striate cortex is clearly more complicated, with at least 3 or 4 synapses interp ...
... the cortex. Thus it is not unfair to say that it is basically a one-synapse station. The axons that form the output of the geniculates pass back in the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres to the striate cortex. The striate cortex is clearly more complicated, with at least 3 or 4 synapses interp ...
Distinct core thalamocortical pathways to central and dorsal primary
... (Schreiner et al., 2000). The cNB region has the highest spectral resolution (Q factor) measured with sound level at 40 decibels above threshold (Q40). A small dNB region has higher spectral resolution than adjacent cBB and dBB regions but lower median spectral resolution than the cNB region (Imaizu ...
... (Schreiner et al., 2000). The cNB region has the highest spectral resolution (Q factor) measured with sound level at 40 decibels above threshold (Q40). A small dNB region has higher spectral resolution than adjacent cBB and dBB regions but lower median spectral resolution than the cNB region (Imaizu ...
Cerebral cortex
The cerebral cortex is the cerebrum's (brain) outer layer of neural tissue in humans and other mammals. It is divided into two cortices, along the sagittal plane: the left and right cerebral hemispheres divided by the medial longitudinal fissure. The cerebral cortex plays a key role in memory, attention, perception, awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. The human cerebral cortex is 2 to 4 millimetres (0.079 to 0.157 in) thick.In large mammals, the cerebral cortex is folded, giving a much greater surface area in the confined volume of the skull. A fold or ridge in the cortex is termed a gyrus (plural gyri) and a groove or fissure is termed a sulcus (plural sulci). In the human brain more than two-thirds of the cerebral cortex is buried in the sulci.The cerebral cortex is gray matter, consisting mainly of cell bodies (with astrocytes being the most abundant cell type in the cortex as well as the human brain as a whole) and capillaries. It contrasts with the underlying white matter, consisting mainly of the white myelinated sheaths of neuronal axons. The phylogenetically most recent part of the cerebral cortex, the neocortex (also called isocortex), is differentiated into six horizontal layers; the more ancient part of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, has at most three cellular layers. Neurons in various layers connect vertically to form small microcircuits, called cortical columns. Different neocortical regions known as Brodmann areas are distinguished by variations in their cytoarchitectonics (histological structure) and functional roles in sensation, cognition and behavior.