Influence of Aerobic and Phototrophic Growth
... differed with respect to 6-phosphogluconate (6-PG) dehydratase activity: this could not be detected in R . sphaeroides strain 1760-1, but was easily detected in R. sphaeroides strain ATCC 17023. Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides strain I 760- I was therefore designated as the 6-PG dehydratase- strain. Ne ...
... differed with respect to 6-phosphogluconate (6-PG) dehydratase activity: this could not be detected in R . sphaeroides strain 1760-1, but was easily detected in R. sphaeroides strain ATCC 17023. Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides strain I 760- I was therefore designated as the 6-PG dehydratase- strain. Ne ...
Structure, mechanism and regulation of pyruvate carboxylase
... classical biochemistry and genetic approaches. The first cloning of the promoter of the PC gene in mammals and subsequent transcriptional studies reveal some key cognate transcription factors regulating tissue-specific expression. The present review summarizes these advances and also offers some pro ...
... classical biochemistry and genetic approaches. The first cloning of the promoter of the PC gene in mammals and subsequent transcriptional studies reveal some key cognate transcription factors regulating tissue-specific expression. The present review summarizes these advances and also offers some pro ...
Chapter 8: Energy generation:glycolysis
... Oxygen is used up during the reaction, so in chemical terms the process is an oxidation. Glucose oxidation is a highly exergonic reaction, yielding 2870 kJ of energy for every mole of glucose that is broken down. In biochemical terms, this is a substantial amount of energy; a typical endergonic enzy ...
... Oxygen is used up during the reaction, so in chemical terms the process is an oxidation. Glucose oxidation is a highly exergonic reaction, yielding 2870 kJ of energy for every mole of glucose that is broken down. In biochemical terms, this is a substantial amount of energy; a typical endergonic enzy ...
Codon optimization of Col H gene encoding Clostridium
... site obstructs translation initiation. On the other hand, GC-poor mRNAs cannot fold strongly and ...
... site obstructs translation initiation. On the other hand, GC-poor mRNAs cannot fold strongly and ...
Short-Chain-Length Polyhydroxyalkanoates: Synthesis in
... harboring the R. eutropha PHA biosynthesis genes could accumulate P(3HB-co-3HV), in which the 3HV monomer fraction was proportional to the concentration of propionic acid in the medium. Alternatively, by providing the environment that has similar effects on fadR mutation, normal E. coli strains coul ...
... harboring the R. eutropha PHA biosynthesis genes could accumulate P(3HB-co-3HV), in which the 3HV monomer fraction was proportional to the concentration of propionic acid in the medium. Alternatively, by providing the environment that has similar effects on fadR mutation, normal E. coli strains coul ...
Role of adiponectin in the regulation of carbohydrate and lipid
... peroxisomes (33); and mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), accompanied ...
... peroxisomes (33); and mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), accompanied ...
Interactions of TCA cycle enzymes and of the CcpA
... carbon sources and NADP . Excess of α-ketoglutarate can be applied to amino acid anabolism, since αketoglutarate is the precursor molecule of glutamate. No interaction was detected between Mdh and CitZ by SPR even in the presence of the corresponding metabolites. This result was surprising, because ...
... carbon sources and NADP . Excess of α-ketoglutarate can be applied to amino acid anabolism, since αketoglutarate is the precursor molecule of glutamate. No interaction was detected between Mdh and CitZ by SPR even in the presence of the corresponding metabolites. This result was surprising, because ...
Principles of BIOCHEMISTRY
... F2,6BP is formed from F6P by the action of the enzyme phosphofructokinase-2 (PFK-2) (Figure 12.9). In mammalian liver, a different active site on the same protein catalyzes the hydrolytic dephosphorylation of F2,6BP, re-forming F6P. This activity of the enzyme is called F2,6BPase. The dual activiti ...
... F2,6BP is formed from F6P by the action of the enzyme phosphofructokinase-2 (PFK-2) (Figure 12.9). In mammalian liver, a different active site on the same protein catalyzes the hydrolytic dephosphorylation of F2,6BP, re-forming F6P. This activity of the enzyme is called F2,6BPase. The dual activiti ...
Chaperone-dependent gene expression of organic
... The second ORF (ORF2) was detected 132 nucleotides downstream from the stop codon of ORF1. The second ORF (ORF2), detected after shot-gun cloning, functions as the act gene for ORF1 to express the lipase activity. The sequence for the conserved pentapeptide, Gly-X-Ser-X-Gly, is located in ORF1. The ...
... The second ORF (ORF2) was detected 132 nucleotides downstream from the stop codon of ORF1. The second ORF (ORF2), detected after shot-gun cloning, functions as the act gene for ORF1 to express the lipase activity. The sequence for the conserved pentapeptide, Gly-X-Ser-X-Gly, is located in ORF1. The ...
Engineering Acetyl Coenzyme A Supply: Functional Expression of a
... In S. cerevisiae, ACS1 and ACS2 encode isoenzymes of acetylCoA synthetase (25, 26). In the presence of glucose, ACS1 transcription is repressed and the Acs1 protein is inactivated; thus, acs2⌬ mutants cannot grow on glucose plates (27, 28). Since Acs1 is active during growth on ethanol, acs2⌬ strain ...
... In S. cerevisiae, ACS1 and ACS2 encode isoenzymes of acetylCoA synthetase (25, 26). In the presence of glucose, ACS1 transcription is repressed and the Acs1 protein is inactivated; thus, acs2⌬ mutants cannot grow on glucose plates (27, 28). Since Acs1 is active during growth on ethanol, acs2⌬ strain ...
A E M , Feb. 2004, p. 999–1007
... an SCL-MCL PHA copolymer can be made from glucose in recombinant E. coli. The 3-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase III gene (fabH) from E. coli was modified by saturation point mutagenesis at the codon encoding amino acid 87 of the FabH protein sequence, and the resulting plasmids were cotransfo ...
... an SCL-MCL PHA copolymer can be made from glucose in recombinant E. coli. The 3-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase III gene (fabH) from E. coli was modified by saturation point mutagenesis at the codon encoding amino acid 87 of the FabH protein sequence, and the resulting plasmids were cotransfo ...
Penicillium chrysogenum
... mutants, but less than the wild-type; growth on nitrite was reduced, but better than on nitrate. These mutants were weakly resistant to chlorate, responding like the weaker nia and cnx mutants. (4) niinia mutants: these were relatively rare. All gave very sparse growth on nitrate and nitrite, and a ...
... mutants, but less than the wild-type; growth on nitrite was reduced, but better than on nitrate. These mutants were weakly resistant to chlorate, responding like the weaker nia and cnx mutants. (4) niinia mutants: these were relatively rare. All gave very sparse growth on nitrate and nitrite, and a ...
[U-13C]propionate, phenylacetate, and acetaminophen
... Most common tracers of hepatic metabolism, such as the gluconeogenic substrates lactate and alanine, may be metabolized to some extent by peripheral tissues and thus possibly confound analysis of liver metabolism. Ideally, any tracer should be infused directly into the hepatic portal vein and extrac ...
... Most common tracers of hepatic metabolism, such as the gluconeogenic substrates lactate and alanine, may be metabolized to some extent by peripheral tissues and thus possibly confound analysis of liver metabolism. Ideally, any tracer should be infused directly into the hepatic portal vein and extrac ...
ADP
... Allosteric inhibitors: citric acid; ATP(high conc. ) • F-1,6-2P can positively feedback regulate PFK-1 • There are two binding sites in PFK-1 for ATP: ① substrate-binding site in active center (low conc.) ② allosteric site outside active center (high conc. ) ...
... Allosteric inhibitors: citric acid; ATP(high conc. ) • F-1,6-2P can positively feedback regulate PFK-1 • There are two binding sites in PFK-1 for ATP: ① substrate-binding site in active center (low conc.) ② allosteric site outside active center (high conc. ) ...
University of Groningen Lactococcus lactis systems biology Eckhardt
... By investigating enzymes and genetic pathways of the cell, more and more has become known about a number of cellular systems. In L. lactis, sugar utilization, citrate fermentation, phage resistance and proteolysis among others have been studied by biochemical and genetic techniques. For instance, ve ...
... By investigating enzymes and genetic pathways of the cell, more and more has become known about a number of cellular systems. In L. lactis, sugar utilization, citrate fermentation, phage resistance and proteolysis among others have been studied by biochemical and genetic techniques. For instance, ve ...
Glycolysis
... Irreversible phosphorylation of glucose by Hexokinase effectively trap glucose as glucose 6-p that can not diffuse out of the cell. Mammals have several isozymes of Hexokinase that catalyze the phosphorylation. isozymes: Enzymes that catalyze the same reaction but are different in their kinetic beha ...
... Irreversible phosphorylation of glucose by Hexokinase effectively trap glucose as glucose 6-p that can not diffuse out of the cell. Mammals have several isozymes of Hexokinase that catalyze the phosphorylation. isozymes: Enzymes that catalyze the same reaction but are different in their kinetic beha ...
Metabolic decision making by protein-metabolite - ETH E
... Metabolism lies at the core of microbial life and fuels all cellular activities with building blocks, reducing power, and energy. To regulate metabolic activity, microbes utilize a complex network of regulatory layers, such as transcriptional regulation, covalent posttranslational modificat ...
... Metabolism lies at the core of microbial life and fuels all cellular activities with building blocks, reducing power, and energy. To regulate metabolic activity, microbes utilize a complex network of regulatory layers, such as transcriptional regulation, covalent posttranslational modificat ...
Adaptation and Specialization in the Evolution of Bacterial
... glucose batch cultures for 26 years and ~58,000 generations of growth. Samples were frozen periodically, and they can be revived to study the populations at a given time or to rewind and replay evolution (e.g., [3-5]). Fitness of the evolved strains in the adaptive environment increased on average b ...
... glucose batch cultures for 26 years and ~58,000 generations of growth. Samples were frozen periodically, and they can be revived to study the populations at a given time or to rewind and replay evolution (e.g., [3-5]). Fitness of the evolved strains in the adaptive environment increased on average b ...
3 Citrate metabolism and aroma compound production in lactic acid
... diacetyl, acetoin and butanediol, which have aromatic properties. One of these compounds, diacetyl is responsible for the buttery aroma of dairy products such as butter, acid cream and cottage cheese. In addition, it is an important component of the flavour of different kinds of chesses and yoghurt. ...
... diacetyl, acetoin and butanediol, which have aromatic properties. One of these compounds, diacetyl is responsible for the buttery aroma of dairy products such as butter, acid cream and cottage cheese. In addition, it is an important component of the flavour of different kinds of chesses and yoghurt. ...
Glycogen
... leaving group upon nucleophilic attack! - Nucleophilic attack by O atom of the phosphoryl group of G1P on the α-phosphate group of uridine triphosphate (UTP) results in the concomitant release of uridine diphosphate glucose (UDP-glucose) and pyrophosphate (PPi) - Subsequent hydrolysis of PPi to Pi b ...
... leaving group upon nucleophilic attack! - Nucleophilic attack by O atom of the phosphoryl group of G1P on the α-phosphate group of uridine triphosphate (UTP) results in the concomitant release of uridine diphosphate glucose (UDP-glucose) and pyrophosphate (PPi) - Subsequent hydrolysis of PPi to Pi b ...
ADP
... If to begin from Glycogen, 2×2-1= 3ATP (5) The fate of the final product lactate To be released into blood stream, and then to be taken into liver metabolized. To be decomposed and utilized further ...
... If to begin from Glycogen, 2×2-1= 3ATP (5) The fate of the final product lactate To be released into blood stream, and then to be taken into liver metabolized. To be decomposed and utilized further ...
Specific features of glycogen metabolism in the liver
... found in io. This paradoxical finding led them to invoke the existence of a still-unidentified stimulator of glycogen synthase or of an alternative pathway for glycogen synthesis. However, it is questionable whether the adopted effector concentrations are physiologically relevant, in particular in ...
... found in io. This paradoxical finding led them to invoke the existence of a still-unidentified stimulator of glycogen synthase or of an alternative pathway for glycogen synthesis. However, it is questionable whether the adopted effector concentrations are physiologically relevant, in particular in ...
29 Pathways of Sugar Metabolism: Pentose
... can also cleave fructose 1-phosphate. Aldolase A, present in muscle and most other tissues, and aldolase C, present in brain, have almost no ability to cleave fructose 1-phosphate. Fetal aldolase, present in the liver before birth, is similar to aldolase C. Aldolase B is the rate-limiting enzyme of ...
... can also cleave fructose 1-phosphate. Aldolase A, present in muscle and most other tissues, and aldolase C, present in brain, have almost no ability to cleave fructose 1-phosphate. Fetal aldolase, present in the liver before birth, is similar to aldolase C. Aldolase B is the rate-limiting enzyme of ...
Lecture 5 - Fermentation and CHO feeder
... - repetitively breaks (α1→4) linkages until it reaches an (α1→6) - produces glucose-1phosphate ...
... - repetitively breaks (α1→4) linkages until it reaches an (α1→6) - produces glucose-1phosphate ...
Lac operon
lac operon (lactose operon) is an operon required for the transport and metabolism of lactose in Escherichia coli and many other enteric bacteria. Although glucose is the preferred carbon source for most bacteria, the lac operon allows for the effective digestion of lactose when glucose is not available. Gene regulation of the lac operon was the first genetic regulatory mechanism to be understood clearly, so it has become a foremost example of prokaryotic gene regulation. It is often discussed in introductory molecular and cellular biology classes at universities for this reason.Bacterial operons are polycistronic transcripts that are able to produce multiple proteins from one mRNA transcript. In this case, when lactose is required as a sugar source for the bacterium, the three genes of the lac operon can be expressed and their subsequent proteins translated: lacZ, lacY, and lacA. The gene product of lacZ is β-galactosidase which cleaves lactose, a disaccharide, into glucose and galactose. LacY encodes lactose permease, a protein which becomes embedded in the cytoplasmic membrane to enable transport of lactose into the cell. Finally, lacA encodes galactoside O-acetyltransferase. Layout of the lac operon.It would be wasteful to produce the enzymes when there is no lactose available or if there is a more preferable energy source available, such as glucose. The lac operon uses a two-part control mechanism to ensure that the cell expends energy producing the enzymes encoded by the lac operon only when necessary. In the absence of lactose, the lac repressor halts production of the enzymes encoded by the lac operon. In the presence of glucose, the catabolite activator protein (CAP), required for production of the enzymes, remains inactive, and EIIAGlc shuts down lactose permease to prevent transport of lactose into the cell. This dual control mechanism causes the sequential utilization of glucose and lactose in two distinct growth phases, known as diauxie.