Phenology of coastal upwelling in the California Current
... varying climate change scenarios, we expect greater mismatches in predator needs and prey availability, undoubtedly mediated in large part by the phenology of upwelling in the CCLME. [18] Information on the phenology of upwelling is vital to managers tasked with assessing future changes in commercia ...
... varying climate change scenarios, we expect greater mismatches in predator needs and prey availability, undoubtedly mediated in large part by the phenology of upwelling in the CCLME. [18] Information on the phenology of upwelling is vital to managers tasked with assessing future changes in commercia ...
Estimation of the direct radiative forcing due to sulfate and soot
... aerosols increases substantially with increasing relative humidity, e.g., for relative humidity of 99.5% the mass of the wet ammonium sulfate aerosols is a factor 30–40 higher than that of a dry aerosol. Correspondingly, the optical depth increases by more than a factor 10. Therefore the increase in ...
... aerosols increases substantially with increasing relative humidity, e.g., for relative humidity of 99.5% the mass of the wet ammonium sulfate aerosols is a factor 30–40 higher than that of a dry aerosol. Correspondingly, the optical depth increases by more than a factor 10. Therefore the increase in ...
Radiative Forcing of Climate Change
... because of changes in tropospheric motions or its thermodynamic state), and with no dynamically-induced changes in the amount and distribution of atmospheric water (vapour, liquid, and solid forms). Note that one potential forcing type, the second indirect effect of aerosols (Chapter 5 and Section 6 ...
... because of changes in tropospheric motions or its thermodynamic state), and with no dynamically-induced changes in the amount and distribution of atmospheric water (vapour, liquid, and solid forms). Note that one potential forcing type, the second indirect effect of aerosols (Chapter 5 and Section 6 ...
Full-Text PDF
... The potential impacts of climate change on American beech are first considered in the absence of BBD, taking advantage of available studies focused on both American and European beech (Fagus sylvatica). This review focuses primarily on impacts of increased temperature as well as drought. Following g ...
... The potential impacts of climate change on American beech are first considered in the absence of BBD, taking advantage of available studies focused on both American and European beech (Fagus sylvatica). This review focuses primarily on impacts of increased temperature as well as drought. Following g ...
FINAL Amazon Scorecard
... The Impact of Companies—and Consumers—on Global Climate Change The scientific case on global warming is no longer in dispute. Earlier this year, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, a group of hundreds of the world’s foremost climate scientists, concluded for the first time that global war ...
... The Impact of Companies—and Consumers—on Global Climate Change The scientific case on global warming is no longer in dispute. Earlier this year, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, a group of hundreds of the world’s foremost climate scientists, concluded for the first time that global war ...
ENSO nonlinearity in a warming climate
... Hypothesis: - The "distorsion" of the PDF of tropical Pacific climate variables is a signature of the presence of nonlinearity in the ENSO system. Quantifying this distorsion can provide insights on an integrated level of ENSO nonlinearity ...
... Hypothesis: - The "distorsion" of the PDF of tropical Pacific climate variables is a signature of the presence of nonlinearity in the ENSO system. Quantifying this distorsion can provide insights on an integrated level of ENSO nonlinearity ...
Final report
... In this chapter the occurrence types of frost and their altitudinal distribution is described first. Thenpermafrostreactionstoclimatechangearediscussedundertwoaspects–thethermaland thegeomorphiconeaccordingtothealreadyexistingknowledge. Mainthermalreactionsa ...
... In this chapter the occurrence types of frost and their altitudinal distribution is described first. Thenpermafrostreactionstoclimatechangearediscussedundertwoaspects–thethermaland thegeomorphiconeaccordingtothealreadyexistingknowledge. Mainthermalreactionsa ...
investment and financial flows to address climate change
... action to address this emergent challenge in light of the associated economic and human dimensions. The impacts of climate change ranging from sea level rise, melting ice caps and glaciers, severe weather events, drought, flooding, warming, subtle changes in ecosystems – will impinge on every aspect ...
... action to address this emergent challenge in light of the associated economic and human dimensions. The impacts of climate change ranging from sea level rise, melting ice caps and glaciers, severe weather events, drought, flooding, warming, subtle changes in ecosystems – will impinge on every aspect ...
investment and financial flows to address climate change
... action to address this emergent challenge in light of the associated economic and human dimensions. The impacts of climate change ranging from sea level rise, melting ice caps and glaciers, severe weather events, drought, flooding, warming, subtle changes in ecosystems – will impinge on every aspect ...
... action to address this emergent challenge in light of the associated economic and human dimensions. The impacts of climate change ranging from sea level rise, melting ice caps and glaciers, severe weather events, drought, flooding, warming, subtle changes in ecosystems – will impinge on every aspect ...
2014 Assessment in pdf - Ozone Secretariat
... (EEAP) for the Parties to the Montreal Protocol. The Assessment reports on key findings on environment and health since the last full Assessment of 2010, paying attention to the interactions between ozone depletion and climate change. Simultaneous publication of the Assessment in the scientific lite ...
... (EEAP) for the Parties to the Montreal Protocol. The Assessment reports on key findings on environment and health since the last full Assessment of 2010, paying attention to the interactions between ozone depletion and climate change. Simultaneous publication of the Assessment in the scientific lite ...
Gene-flow through space and time: dispersal, dormancy and
... plants, because they both depend on attributes of the seed, albeit this anatomical association is rarely considered when analyzing interactions between dispersal and dormancy. In this paper, we investigate the extent to which dispersal and dormancy can be expected to correlate and how each might inf ...
... plants, because they both depend on attributes of the seed, albeit this anatomical association is rarely considered when analyzing interactions between dispersal and dormancy. In this paper, we investigate the extent to which dispersal and dormancy can be expected to correlate and how each might inf ...
Global Monsoon Dynamics and Climate Change
... The paleoclimate community has also synthesized global monsoon variability from a geological perspective (An 2000, Wang 2009, Clemens et al. 2010, Ziegler et al. 2010b, Caley et al. 2011a, Cheng et al. 2012). Modeling and geological evidence suggest that a megamonsoon likely occurred during the Phan ...
... The paleoclimate community has also synthesized global monsoon variability from a geological perspective (An 2000, Wang 2009, Clemens et al. 2010, Ziegler et al. 2010b, Caley et al. 2011a, Cheng et al. 2012). Modeling and geological evidence suggest that a megamonsoon likely occurred during the Phan ...
ldc graduation - the difficulties and realities for tuvalu
... There are 11,000 Polynesian people living on its 9 coral and reef atoll islands in the vast Pacific Ocean, between bigger neighbors Kiribati (north) and Fiji (south). As an extremely small, remote and isolated island state, Tuvalu is the most vulnerable country to the effects of climate change. The ...
... There are 11,000 Polynesian people living on its 9 coral and reef atoll islands in the vast Pacific Ocean, between bigger neighbors Kiribati (north) and Fiji (south). As an extremely small, remote and isolated island state, Tuvalu is the most vulnerable country to the effects of climate change. The ...
Glacier Tourism Research - Rannsóknamiðstöð ferðamála
... and sensitive to climate change and variability (e.g. UNEP and WGMS, 2008) and thus they are considered to be among the most visible and high confidence level indicators of global warming (IPCC, 2013). Climate‐induced environmental change has been documented in several mountain regions o ...
... and sensitive to climate change and variability (e.g. UNEP and WGMS, 2008) and thus they are considered to be among the most visible and high confidence level indicators of global warming (IPCC, 2013). Climate‐induced environmental change has been documented in several mountain regions o ...
the climate crisis: national security, public health, and economic
... the United States cuts emissions and China does not, how much will that impact global temperatures? With the ever-increasing emissions of the developing world, even if the United States reduces its emissions to zero, there would be no change in global temperature. Our climate change policies must be ...
... the United States cuts emissions and China does not, how much will that impact global temperatures? With the ever-increasing emissions of the developing world, even if the United States reduces its emissions to zero, there would be no change in global temperature. Our climate change policies must be ...
The resilience renaissance? Unpacking of resilience for tackling
... consider issues of justice and equity when distributing risks within communities. ...
... consider issues of justice and equity when distributing risks within communities. ...
MASUD-DISSERTATION-2016
... Saskatchewan and Manitoba using a multi–RCM ensemble from the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP). This region of Canada is characterized by highly variable hydroclimate, with recurrent droughts and floods and localized summer convective storm activity often resulting ...
... Saskatchewan and Manitoba using a multi–RCM ensemble from the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP). This region of Canada is characterized by highly variable hydroclimate, with recurrent droughts and floods and localized summer convective storm activity often resulting ...
‑ ‑ GEF Secretariat Global Environment Facility 1818 H Street, NW
... CBD Programme of Work on Protected Areas. A key strategic objective of the GEF biodiversity strategy is enhancing the sustainability of protected area systems by a) improving financial sustainability; b) improving protected area coverage, representativeness and connectivity; and c) improving protect ...
... CBD Programme of Work on Protected Areas. A key strategic objective of the GEF biodiversity strategy is enhancing the sustainability of protected area systems by a) improving financial sustainability; b) improving protected area coverage, representativeness and connectivity; and c) improving protect ...
Drivers of the tropospheric ozone budget throughout the 21st
... Figure 1. Boundary conditions used in the REF-C2 simulation (global-mean concentrations/emission fluxes). (a) CO2 , CH4 , N2 O mixing ratios following RCP 6.0, and long-lived chlorine mixing ratios following the WMO A1 scenario for ODSs. (b) Surface NOx emission fluxes, following RCP 6.0. (c) Surfac ...
... Figure 1. Boundary conditions used in the REF-C2 simulation (global-mean concentrations/emission fluxes). (a) CO2 , CH4 , N2 O mixing ratios following RCP 6.0, and long-lived chlorine mixing ratios following the WMO A1 scenario for ODSs. (b) Surface NOx emission fluxes, following RCP 6.0. (c) Surfac ...
Linking long-term, large-scale climatic and environmental variability
... Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO) can provide insight into how ecosystems will respond to climate change. Although these climate patterns are ocean-based, understanding of their influences on key ecosystem processes in temperate coastal marine ecosystems is limited. R ...
... Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO) can provide insight into how ecosystems will respond to climate change. Although these climate patterns are ocean-based, understanding of their influences on key ecosystem processes in temperate coastal marine ecosystems is limited. R ...
Linking long-term, large-scale climatic and environmental variability to patterns of
... Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO) can provide insight into how ecosystems will respond to climate change. Although these climate patterns are ocean-based, understanding of their influences on key ecosystem processes in temperate coastal marine ecosystems is limited. R ...
... Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO) can provide insight into how ecosystems will respond to climate change. Although these climate patterns are ocean-based, understanding of their influences on key ecosystem processes in temperate coastal marine ecosystems is limited. R ...
4. The CO2 fertilization effect
... Specific respiration rates may be reduced by both short-term exposure to elevated CO2 and long-term growth at elevated CO2 (Amthor, 1995). However, the long-term effect may be similar when respiration rates are reported on a per unit nitrogen basis. In climate change scenarios, temperatures are pred ...
... Specific respiration rates may be reduced by both short-term exposure to elevated CO2 and long-term growth at elevated CO2 (Amthor, 1995). However, the long-term effect may be similar when respiration rates are reported on a per unit nitrogen basis. In climate change scenarios, temperatures are pred ...
Dynamics, Stratospheric Ozone, and Climate Change
... winds are westerly (reflecting, through thermal-wind balance, the low temperatures found in polar regions due to the lack of solar heating), planetary-scale Rossby waves generated in the troposphere by topography and land-ocean thermal contrasts can propagate up into the stratosphere where they grow ...
... winds are westerly (reflecting, through thermal-wind balance, the low temperatures found in polar regions due to the lack of solar heating), planetary-scale Rossby waves generated in the troposphere by topography and land-ocean thermal contrasts can propagate up into the stratosphere where they grow ...
Climate Change and Migration - Institute for Governance and Policy
... likely to be fiercely contested by refugee-receiving states adjacent to conflict- and disaster-prone areas that are already burdened by large refugee populations and would be required to assume even greater obligations. Moreover, not all states in the Asia–Pacific region are signatories to the 1951 ...
... likely to be fiercely contested by refugee-receiving states adjacent to conflict- and disaster-prone areas that are already burdened by large refugee populations and would be required to assume even greater obligations. Moreover, not all states in the Asia–Pacific region are signatories to the 1951 ...
The Second National Communication of the Republic of Malawi
... Projected wood energy deficit under climate change in Lilongwe City, 1995-2000 Basline data for river run-off for selected rivers in Malawi Mean river run-off reductions as affected by baseline rainfall for some rivers in Malawi Mean and increased run-off due to increases in baseline mean rainfall M ...
... Projected wood energy deficit under climate change in Lilongwe City, 1995-2000 Basline data for river run-off for selected rivers in Malawi Mean river run-off reductions as affected by baseline rainfall for some rivers in Malawi Mean and increased run-off due to increases in baseline mean rainfall M ...
Scientific opinion on climate change
The scientific opinion on climate change is the overall judgment amongst scientists about whether global warming is happening, and if so, its causes and probable consequences. This scientific opinion is expressed in synthesis reports, by scientific bodies of national or international standing, and by surveys of opinion among climate scientists. Individual scientists, universities, and laboratories contribute to the overall scientific opinion via their peer-reviewed publications, and the areas of collective agreement and relative certainty are summarised in these high level reports and surveys.The scientific consensus is that the Earth's climate system is unequivocally warming, and that it is extremely likely (at least 95% probability) that humans are causing most of it through activities that increase concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as deforestation and burning fossil fuels. In addition, it is likely that some potential further greenhouse gas warming has been offset by increased aerosols.National and international science academies and scientific societies have assessed current scientific opinion on global warming. These assessments are generally consistent with the conclusions of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report summarized:Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as evidenced by increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, the widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level.Most of the global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human activities.Benefits and costs of climate change for [human] society will vary widely by location and scale. Some of the effects in temperate and polar regions will be positive and others elsewhere will be negative. Overall, net effects are more likely to be strongly negative with larger or more rapid warming.The range of published evidence indicates that the net damage costs of climate change are likely to be significant and to increase over time.The resilience of many ecosystems is likely to be exceeded this century by an unprecedented combination of climate change, associated disturbances (e.g. flooding, drought, wildfire, insects, ocean acidification) and other global change drivers (e.g. land-use change, pollution, fragmentation of natural systems, over-exploitation of resources).Some scientific bodies have recommended specific policies to governments and science can play a role in informing an effective response to climate change, however, policy decisions may require value judgements and so are not included in the scientific opinion.No scientific body of national or international standing maintains a formal opinion dissenting from any of these main points. The last national or international scientific body to drop dissent was the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, which in 2007 updated its statement to its current non-committal position. Some other organizations, primarily those focusing on geology, also hold non-committal positions.