Structure and dynamics of the corticothalamic driver pathway in the
... function are neurons, whose defining characteristics are active electric signal propagation by action potentials and integration of synaptic inputs (Kandel et al. 2013). Their sheer number (humans: >80 billion (Azevedo et al. 2009)), cell-type-specific biophysical differences, connectivity and plast ...
... function are neurons, whose defining characteristics are active electric signal propagation by action potentials and integration of synaptic inputs (Kandel et al. 2013). Their sheer number (humans: >80 billion (Azevedo et al. 2009)), cell-type-specific biophysical differences, connectivity and plast ...
Divergent Projections from the Anterior Inferotemporal Area TE to
... Transported PHA-L was visualized by the same procedure as that described by Saleem et al. (1993b). The HRP reaction was carried out according to the modified tetramethyl benzidine method described by Gibson et al. (1984). For biocytin, we used a modified protocol of Lachica et al. (1991). The qualit ...
... Transported PHA-L was visualized by the same procedure as that described by Saleem et al. (1993b). The HRP reaction was carried out according to the modified tetramethyl benzidine method described by Gibson et al. (1984). For biocytin, we used a modified protocol of Lachica et al. (1991). The qualit ...
Substance P and Cholecystokinin-like lmmunoreactive Varicosities
... In recent years, the neuropeptides substance P (SP) and cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) have been suggested as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators of primary afferent neurons. Immunohistochemical studies have provided anatomical evidence in support of this hypothesis. SP-like immunoreactivity ( ...
... In recent years, the neuropeptides substance P (SP) and cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) have been suggested as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators of primary afferent neurons. Immunohistochemical studies have provided anatomical evidence in support of this hypothesis. SP-like immunoreactivity ( ...
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex: A Bottom-Up View
... the aggregated activity of single cells, so results from neuroimaging and single-unit studies should converge to reinforce a single, integrative theory. In practice, however, the portraits of the dACC painted by neuroimaging and single-unit studies, not to mention electroencephalographic and anatomi ...
... the aggregated activity of single cells, so results from neuroimaging and single-unit studies should converge to reinforce a single, integrative theory. In practice, however, the portraits of the dACC painted by neuroimaging and single-unit studies, not to mention electroencephalographic and anatomi ...
Psilocybin Final Project-PDF
... between 80 and 105 min The half-life• ORAL INGESTION: 2.5 hours ...
... between 80 and 105 min The half-life• ORAL INGESTION: 2.5 hours ...
Are there differences between the secretion characteristics of NGF
... (NGF) from native hippocampal slices and from NGF-cDNA transfected hippocampal neurons showed unusual characteristics [Blöchl and Thoenen (1995) Eur J Neurosci 7:1220–1228; (1996) Mol Cell Neurosci 7:173–190]. In both hippocampal slices and cultured hippocampal neurons the activity-dependent secret ...
... (NGF) from native hippocampal slices and from NGF-cDNA transfected hippocampal neurons showed unusual characteristics [Blöchl and Thoenen (1995) Eur J Neurosci 7:1220–1228; (1996) Mol Cell Neurosci 7:173–190]. In both hippocampal slices and cultured hippocampal neurons the activity-dependent secret ...
Axon Guidance by Growth Cones and Branches: Common
... Schaefer and others 2002). During changes in the direction of axon growth, microtubules reorient toward sites of focal F-actin accumulation (O’Connor and Bentley 1993; Lin and Forscher 1993). Directed growth of microtubules toward regions of attenuated F-actin flow during growth cone target interact ...
... Schaefer and others 2002). During changes in the direction of axon growth, microtubules reorient toward sites of focal F-actin accumulation (O’Connor and Bentley 1993; Lin and Forscher 1993). Directed growth of microtubules toward regions of attenuated F-actin flow during growth cone target interact ...
Ethanol Potentiation of Glycine-Induced Responses in Dissociated
... amplifier (Axon Instruments, Foster City, CA) interfaced to a Digidata 1200 (Axon Instruments) and directly digitized with pCLAMP 6 software for further off-line analysis. The junction potential between the patch pipette and the bath solutions was nulled immediately before forming the giga-seal. The ...
... amplifier (Axon Instruments, Foster City, CA) interfaced to a Digidata 1200 (Axon Instruments) and directly digitized with pCLAMP 6 software for further off-line analysis. The junction potential between the patch pipette and the bath solutions was nulled immediately before forming the giga-seal. The ...
Review Article Type 3 adenylyl cyclase: a key enzyme mediating the
... including neurons. They are considered the cellular “antennae” attuned for detecting a range of extracellular signals including photons, odorants, morphogens, hormones and mechanical forces. The ciliary microenvironment is distinct from most actin-based subcellular structures such as microvilli or s ...
... including neurons. They are considered the cellular “antennae” attuned for detecting a range of extracellular signals including photons, odorants, morphogens, hormones and mechanical forces. The ciliary microenvironment is distinct from most actin-based subcellular structures such as microvilli or s ...
INFUSION OF NERVE GROWTH FACTOR (NGF) INTO KITTEN
... Heights, IL, USA). 2 mCi of proline in 20 Wl of either distilled water or physiological saline was slowly injected into the vitreous humor 4 to 5 mm from the scleral surface. The needle was left in place for 30 s following delivery of the proline, and a Q-tip was applied to the scleral puncture imme ...
... Heights, IL, USA). 2 mCi of proline in 20 Wl of either distilled water or physiological saline was slowly injected into the vitreous humor 4 to 5 mm from the scleral surface. The needle was left in place for 30 s following delivery of the proline, and a Q-tip was applied to the scleral puncture imme ...
Reuss 9..48
... findings that blocking NO production disrupts light transmission to the SCN [Amir, 1992], that NO synthesis is required for phase changes of SCN electrical activity [Watanabe et al., 1994] and that the enzymatic activity of nNOS, as determined by L-citrulline synthesis, is present in the rat SCN [Di ...
... findings that blocking NO production disrupts light transmission to the SCN [Amir, 1992], that NO synthesis is required for phase changes of SCN electrical activity [Watanabe et al., 1994] and that the enzymatic activity of nNOS, as determined by L-citrulline synthesis, is present in the rat SCN [Di ...
Disruption of experience-dependent synaptic modifications in striate
... crease the probability that the activity conveyed along deprived eye afferents correlated with cortical activity, Ramoa et al. (1989) disinhibited the cortex by infusing low concentrations of the GABA, receptor antagonist bicuculline and found that the deprived eye inputs were retained in area 17. F ...
... crease the probability that the activity conveyed along deprived eye afferents correlated with cortical activity, Ramoa et al. (1989) disinhibited the cortex by infusing low concentrations of the GABA, receptor antagonist bicuculline and found that the deprived eye inputs were retained in area 17. F ...
Circadian Organization in Hemimetabolous Insects
... rhythm, the bilaterally paired clocks form a functional unit. They interact to produce a stable time structure within individual insects by exchanging photic and temporal information through neural pathways, in which serotonin and pigment-dispersing factor (PDF) are involved as chemical messengers. ...
... rhythm, the bilaterally paired clocks form a functional unit. They interact to produce a stable time structure within individual insects by exchanging photic and temporal information through neural pathways, in which serotonin and pigment-dispersing factor (PDF) are involved as chemical messengers. ...
morphology and synaptic connections of ultrafine primary axons
... the same fixative overnight. The following day, the blocks were cut on an Oxford Vibratome into 100~pmsections in the parasagittal plane in the case of the lumbar segments and in planes ranging from horizontal to parasagittal in the case of the cervical segments. Next the sections were rinsed in pho ...
... the same fixative overnight. The following day, the blocks were cut on an Oxford Vibratome into 100~pmsections in the parasagittal plane in the case of the lumbar segments and in planes ranging from horizontal to parasagittal in the case of the cervical segments. Next the sections were rinsed in pho ...
The Reorganization of Primary Auditory Cortex by Invasion of
... brain regions. Hippocampus is associated with spatial navigation. A study using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) on London taxi drivers found that their posterior hippocampi were significantly larger than those of normal subjects, indicating an experience-dependent increase in the size of the affect ...
... brain regions. Hippocampus is associated with spatial navigation. A study using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) on London taxi drivers found that their posterior hippocampi were significantly larger than those of normal subjects, indicating an experience-dependent increase in the size of the affect ...
A role for subplate neurons in the patterning of
... visual cortex - the visual subplate - where they give off extensive branches (Ghosh and Shatz, 1992a). Earlier in development, while the axons are still in the process of elongating within the optic radiations en route to visual cortex, they extend delicate collaterals into the overlying subplate of ...
... visual cortex - the visual subplate - where they give off extensive branches (Ghosh and Shatz, 1992a). Earlier in development, while the axons are still in the process of elongating within the optic radiations en route to visual cortex, they extend delicate collaterals into the overlying subplate of ...
Taste, olfactory, and food reward value processing
... and that then the brain systems likely to be engaged are likely to include the striatum and rest of the basal ganglia (see Fig. 1). The distinction between these two types of processing is that when humans operate from habit, they may less consciously evaluate the costs and benefits of a choice than ...
... and that then the brain systems likely to be engaged are likely to include the striatum and rest of the basal ganglia (see Fig. 1). The distinction between these two types of processing is that when humans operate from habit, they may less consciously evaluate the costs and benefits of a choice than ...
Graziano's CV
... Evolution of Nervous Systems, second edition. Kaas J. and Krubitzer L., Eds., Elsevier. Graziano MSA, Webb TW (in press) Understanding consciousness by building it. In: Bloomsbury Companion to Philosophy of Consciousness. Jacquette D., Ed.. Igelstrom K, Webb TW, Kelly YT, Graziano MSA (2016) Topogra ...
... Evolution of Nervous Systems, second edition. Kaas J. and Krubitzer L., Eds., Elsevier. Graziano MSA, Webb TW (in press) Understanding consciousness by building it. In: Bloomsbury Companion to Philosophy of Consciousness. Jacquette D., Ed.. Igelstrom K, Webb TW, Kelly YT, Graziano MSA (2016) Topogra ...
The role of the cerebellum in classical conditioning of
... (Christian and Thompson, 2005; Woodruff-Pak and Steinmetz, 2000) and will not be treated here. To the extent tested, all findings described below for non-human animals apply equally to humans. The cerebellum and its associated circuitry constitute the entire essential circuit for delay classical con ...
... (Christian and Thompson, 2005; Woodruff-Pak and Steinmetz, 2000) and will not be treated here. To the extent tested, all findings described below for non-human animals apply equally to humans. The cerebellum and its associated circuitry constitute the entire essential circuit for delay classical con ...
Potential switch from eupnea to fictive gasping after blockade of
... nerves have distinctly different discharge patterns, which are similar to those during eupnea, apneusis, and gasping in vivo (41, 45–47). Exclusive of one in vitro slice preparation (19), all mammalian en bloc and slice preparations typically exhibit a single decrementing pattern, with little variat ...
... nerves have distinctly different discharge patterns, which are similar to those during eupnea, apneusis, and gasping in vivo (41, 45–47). Exclusive of one in vitro slice preparation (19), all mammalian en bloc and slice preparations typically exhibit a single decrementing pattern, with little variat ...
Voluntary Movement: The Primary Motor Cortex
... It was not until later in the 19th century, however, when improved anesthesia and aseptic surgical techniques allowed direct experimental study of the cerebral cortex in live subjects, that conclusive experimental evidence for a discrete region of the cerebral cortex devoted to motor function was po ...
... It was not until later in the 19th century, however, when improved anesthesia and aseptic surgical techniques allowed direct experimental study of the cerebral cortex in live subjects, that conclusive experimental evidence for a discrete region of the cerebral cortex devoted to motor function was po ...
Chemical Transmitters and Modulation of Sleep
... Aithough evidence has suggested a dual role of the basal forebrain (BF) in arousai and sleep generation, the neurotransmitter identity and activity ofBF neurons serving these different functions have remained uncertain. Furthermore, few studies have been done to clarify how the wake vs. sleep promot ...
... Aithough evidence has suggested a dual role of the basal forebrain (BF) in arousai and sleep generation, the neurotransmitter identity and activity ofBF neurons serving these different functions have remained uncertain. Furthermore, few studies have been done to clarify how the wake vs. sleep promot ...
The Journal of Neuroscience http://jneurosci.msubmit.net Ana
... order to be selected for analysis, Golgi impregnated neurons had to meet the following characteristics: 1) location in the CA3 or CA1 subregion of the dorsal hippocampus; 2) dark and consistent impregnation throughout the extent of all of the dendrites; 3) relative isolation from neighboring impregn ...
... order to be selected for analysis, Golgi impregnated neurons had to meet the following characteristics: 1) location in the CA3 or CA1 subregion of the dorsal hippocampus; 2) dark and consistent impregnation throughout the extent of all of the dendrites; 3) relative isolation from neighboring impregn ...
Orexin/Hypocretin: A Neuropeptide at the Interface of Sleep, Energy
... 2005; Yoshida et al., 2006). These studies showed that orexin neurons are innervated by the lateral parabrachial nucleus, ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO), medial and lateral preoptic areas, basal forebrain (BF), posterior/dorsomedial hypothalamus, VTA, and median raphe nuclei. Many upstream ne ...
... 2005; Yoshida et al., 2006). These studies showed that orexin neurons are innervated by the lateral parabrachial nucleus, ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO), medial and lateral preoptic areas, basal forebrain (BF), posterior/dorsomedial hypothalamus, VTA, and median raphe nuclei. Many upstream ne ...
Author`s personal copy - Vanderbilt University
... we know now occurs later in animal models of progression, and focus more on the axonal projection, which is affected quite early. 1.2. Glaucoma and the central nervous system Neuroscience-based approaches to understanding pathogenesis in glaucoma have surged, not only from the standpoint of preservi ...
... we know now occurs later in animal models of progression, and focus more on the axonal projection, which is affected quite early. 1.2. Glaucoma and the central nervous system Neuroscience-based approaches to understanding pathogenesis in glaucoma have surged, not only from the standpoint of preservi ...