Hikosaka O - lsr
... of the vertebrates — fishes, amphibian, and reptiles — the habenula is larger on one side than the other, unlike most other brain structures1. The asymmetry of the habenula is often associated with asymmetries in neuronal organization2 and behaviour — for example, in social recognition, anti-predato ...
... of the vertebrates — fishes, amphibian, and reptiles — the habenula is larger on one side than the other, unlike most other brain structures1. The asymmetry of the habenula is often associated with asymmetries in neuronal organization2 and behaviour — for example, in social recognition, anti-predato ...
Structure and Function of the Brain Serotonin System
... columns are separated by as much as 400 pm in cats and monkeys. Rostrally, the cells from this group end around and within the caudal and lateral aspects of the interpeduncular nucleus. Caudally, the ventral border of this group is the trapezoid body, and the dorsal border fuses with the ventromedia ...
... columns are separated by as much as 400 pm in cats and monkeys. Rostrally, the cells from this group end around and within the caudal and lateral aspects of the interpeduncular nucleus. Caudally, the ventral border of this group is the trapezoid body, and the dorsal border fuses with the ventromedia ...
How do you feel -- now? The anterior insula and
... however, if the AIC/IFG and the ACC are regarded as complementary limbic sensory and motor regions, respectively (see Box 1), then this response profile would also be consistent with the interpretation that target awareness is engendered in the AIC/IFG and control of directed effort in the ACC. In ...
... however, if the AIC/IFG and the ACC are regarded as complementary limbic sensory and motor regions, respectively (see Box 1), then this response profile would also be consistent with the interpretation that target awareness is engendered in the AIC/IFG and control of directed effort in the ACC. In ...
Chapter 14 Regulation of Breathing
... chronic hypercapnia poses a special risk that is not present in healthy individuals. Mosby items and derived items © 2009 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. ...
... chronic hypercapnia poses a special risk that is not present in healthy individuals. Mosby items and derived items © 2009 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. ...
Disorders of Acid
... role of bone buffers is even higher in chronic acid-base disorders. One consequence of bone buffering is the release of calcium from bone and increased renal excretion of calcium. In addition to causing demineralization of bone, it also predisposes to kidney stones. ...
... role of bone buffers is even higher in chronic acid-base disorders. One consequence of bone buffering is the release of calcium from bone and increased renal excretion of calcium. In addition to causing demineralization of bone, it also predisposes to kidney stones. ...
Glia Engulf Degenerating Axons during Developmental Axon Pruning
... with Axon Pruning MVBs and MLBs are typically thought to be associated with the endosomal-lysosomal pathway, which plays an important role in degradation of engulfed proteins and cellular debris (reviewed in [22, 23]). Specifically, studies of the endosomal-lysosomal pathway in Drosophila have impli ...
... with Axon Pruning MVBs and MLBs are typically thought to be associated with the endosomal-lysosomal pathway, which plays an important role in degradation of engulfed proteins and cellular debris (reviewed in [22, 23]). Specifically, studies of the endosomal-lysosomal pathway in Drosophila have impli ...
Binding and Cytotoxic Effects of Clostdium botulinum Type A, C1
... prepared from brains of foetal mice, but binding of type E toxin was weak. None of the toxin types bound to the feeder layer, composed of non-neuronal cells. The heavy-chain component of the type C1toxin bound to neurons, but the light chain component did not. Type C, toxin also bound only to cell l ...
... prepared from brains of foetal mice, but binding of type E toxin was weak. None of the toxin types bound to the feeder layer, composed of non-neuronal cells. The heavy-chain component of the type C1toxin bound to neurons, but the light chain component did not. Type C, toxin also bound only to cell l ...
Thalamocortical neuron loss and localized astrocytosis in the Cln3
... of each region calculated for control and homozygous Cln3 Dex7/8 mice. Cortical thickness measurements were made on the same onein-six series of Nissl-stained sections for primary motor (M1), primary somatosensory (S1BF), limbic entorhinal (Lent) and primary visual cortex (V1) as defined by Paxinos ...
... of each region calculated for control and homozygous Cln3 Dex7/8 mice. Cortical thickness measurements were made on the same onein-six series of Nissl-stained sections for primary motor (M1), primary somatosensory (S1BF), limbic entorhinal (Lent) and primary visual cortex (V1) as defined by Paxinos ...
New Roles for the External Globus Pallidus in Basal Ganglia Circuits
... (Hikosaka and Wurtz, 1983). Stop cue processing initially involves much faster signaling through STN (⬃15 ms latencies), providing glutamatergic inputs to the same SNr neurons; if this occurs early enough, it can oppose action initiation (Schmidt et al., 2013). However, the Stop cue only causes a tr ...
... (Hikosaka and Wurtz, 1983). Stop cue processing initially involves much faster signaling through STN (⬃15 ms latencies), providing glutamatergic inputs to the same SNr neurons; if this occurs early enough, it can oppose action initiation (Schmidt et al., 2013). However, the Stop cue only causes a tr ...
themes - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
... secondary peristalsis that is produced by local reflexes. Primary peristalsis is abolished by bilateral vagotomy. Vagal preganglionic efferents stimulate peristalsis by activating and modifying the intrinsic esophageal peristaltic reflex. The intrinsic esophageal peristalsis is mediated by the NANC ...
... secondary peristalsis that is produced by local reflexes. Primary peristalsis is abolished by bilateral vagotomy. Vagal preganglionic efferents stimulate peristalsis by activating and modifying the intrinsic esophageal peristaltic reflex. The intrinsic esophageal peristalsis is mediated by the NANC ...
Hippocampal CA1 atrophy and synaptic loss during
... volume, loss of inhibitory interneurons and increased cell death of neurons and glia. It is interesting to note that these effects occurred in the presence of chronic microglial activation, with a relative paucity of infiltrating blood-borne immune cells. Widespread diffuse demyelination occurred in ...
... volume, loss of inhibitory interneurons and increased cell death of neurons and glia. It is interesting to note that these effects occurred in the presence of chronic microglial activation, with a relative paucity of infiltrating blood-borne immune cells. Widespread diffuse demyelination occurred in ...
The ventral striatum - Brain imaging of Parkinson`s disease
... these concepts and expanding the range of domains of reward and motivation processed by ventral striatum from variables such as food [5] and sex [6,7] to financial [8] and social [9] domains. However, while results such as these may provide additional insight into the types of variables treated by t ...
... these concepts and expanding the range of domains of reward and motivation processed by ventral striatum from variables such as food [5] and sex [6,7] to financial [8] and social [9] domains. However, while results such as these may provide additional insight into the types of variables treated by t ...
Rostral Fastigial Nucleus Activity in the Alert Monkey During Three
... movements from rostral FN. Seated monkeys were rotated sinusoidally around a horizontal earth-fixed axis (vertical stimulation) at different orientations 157 apart (including roll, pitch, vertical canal plane and intermediate planes). In addition, sinusoidal rotations around an earth-vertical axis ( ...
... movements from rostral FN. Seated monkeys were rotated sinusoidally around a horizontal earth-fixed axis (vertical stimulation) at different orientations 157 apart (including roll, pitch, vertical canal plane and intermediate planes). In addition, sinusoidal rotations around an earth-vertical axis ( ...
Serotonin in the inferior colliculus fluctuates with behavioral state
... variation in the concentration of these proteins, which can lead to regional variation in the magnitude and time course of 5-HT profiles (Dahlin et al., 2007; Gasser et al., 2009; Gehlert et al., 2008). The variability in 5-HT regulatory mechanisms means that in order to determine the conditions in ...
... variation in the concentration of these proteins, which can lead to regional variation in the magnitude and time course of 5-HT profiles (Dahlin et al., 2007; Gasser et al., 2009; Gehlert et al., 2008). The variability in 5-HT regulatory mechanisms means that in order to determine the conditions in ...
Acute and chronic effects of cannabinoids on human brain: gene-environment interactions
... Acute and chronic effects of cannabinoids on human brain: gene-environment interactions related to psychiatric disorders Albert Batalla Cases ...
... Acute and chronic effects of cannabinoids on human brain: gene-environment interactions related to psychiatric disorders Albert Batalla Cases ...
The neurobiology of Meditation and its clinical effectiveness in
... significant reduction of asthma attacks (Chugh, 1997; Manocha et al., 2002). Studies using other Meditation techniques such as mindful or Buddhist Meditation have reported similar changes indicative of increased parasympathetic activity, suggesting that this is a characteristic feature of Meditation ...
... significant reduction of asthma attacks (Chugh, 1997; Manocha et al., 2002). Studies using other Meditation techniques such as mindful or Buddhist Meditation have reported similar changes indicative of increased parasympathetic activity, suggesting that this is a characteristic feature of Meditation ...
Disease Modeling Using Embryonic Stem Cells
... protein associated with presynaptic vesicles. As previously reported, these levels increase dramatically during the second week of neuronal maturation (Fig. 1D, 1E), reflecting synaptogenesis and functional connectivity during this period [12]. No significant differences were found between wild-type ...
... protein associated with presynaptic vesicles. As previously reported, these levels increase dramatically during the second week of neuronal maturation (Fig. 1D, 1E), reflecting synaptogenesis and functional connectivity during this period [12]. No significant differences were found between wild-type ...
Early Pharmacological Treatment of Autism: A
... N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, the alpha-amino-3hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptor, and kainate receptor, have been studied most extensively. During early development NMDA receptors predominate, whereas in adults AMPA and kainate receptors are more active. NMDA recept ...
... N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, the alpha-amino-3hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptor, and kainate receptor, have been studied most extensively. During early development NMDA receptors predominate, whereas in adults AMPA and kainate receptors are more active. NMDA recept ...
Complete morphologies of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in
... One of the most studied networks in the human brain is the basal forebrain network, which is made up of large neurons that communicate with one another using a chemical transmitter called acetylcholine. This network has a key role in cognition, and its neurons are among the first to degenerate in Al ...
... One of the most studied networks in the human brain is the basal forebrain network, which is made up of large neurons that communicate with one another using a chemical transmitter called acetylcholine. This network has a key role in cognition, and its neurons are among the first to degenerate in Al ...
Autonomic nervous system
... resting and digesting. It releases acetylcholine, which slows heart and respiratory rates, constricts pupils, and stimulates the GI system. It has no effect on most blood vessels. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for s ...
... resting and digesting. It releases acetylcholine, which slows heart and respiratory rates, constricts pupils, and stimulates the GI system. It has no effect on most blood vessels. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for s ...
Autonomic nervous system
... resting and digesting. It releases acetylcholine, which slows heart and respiratory rates, constricts pupils, and stimulates the GI system. It has no effect on most blood vessels. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for s ...
... resting and digesting. It releases acetylcholine, which slows heart and respiratory rates, constricts pupils, and stimulates the GI system. It has no effect on most blood vessels. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for s ...
Severely dystrophic axons at amyloid plaques
... sagittal sections of frontal, parietal and occipital cortex and plaques counted and measured within it (excluding satellite plaques). Temporal cortex was excluded from this analysis as axons in this region cannot be followed back to their cell bodies. The diameter of the plaques (single line measure ...
... sagittal sections of frontal, parietal and occipital cortex and plaques counted and measured within it (excluding satellite plaques). Temporal cortex was excluded from this analysis as axons in this region cannot be followed back to their cell bodies. The diameter of the plaques (single line measure ...
Distribution of Agrin mRNAs in the Chick Embryo Nervous System
... agrin-like molecules on the surface of the motor axon (Cohen and Godfrey, 1992). Thus, agrin appears to be involved in neuromuscular synaptogenesis from the time axons contact muscle cells. In addition to agrin’s localization in the synaptic basal lamina, agrin-like proteins are also present in most ...
... agrin-like molecules on the surface of the motor axon (Cohen and Godfrey, 1992). Thus, agrin appears to be involved in neuromuscular synaptogenesis from the time axons contact muscle cells. In addition to agrin’s localization in the synaptic basal lamina, agrin-like proteins are also present in most ...
Tang et al - Pro Aid Autisme
... yielding excessive excitatory synapses essential for the assembly of neural circuits. Synaptic elimination subsequently outpaces formation, resulting in net spine pruning from childhood through adolescence. Consistently, the density of dendritic spines peaks in early childhood and is followed by a s ...
... yielding excessive excitatory synapses essential for the assembly of neural circuits. Synaptic elimination subsequently outpaces formation, resulting in net spine pruning from childhood through adolescence. Consistently, the density of dendritic spines peaks in early childhood and is followed by a s ...
Haemodynamic response
In haemodynamics, the body must respond to physical activities, external temperature, and other factors by homeostatically adjusting its blood flow to deliver nutrients such as oxygen and glucose to stressed tissues and allow them to function. Haemodynamic response (HR) allows the rapid delivery of blood to active neuronal tissues. Since higher processes in the brain occur almost constantly, cerebral blood flow is essential for the maintenance of neurons, astrocytes, and other cells of the brain.