Dynamics of sensory thalamocortical synaptic networks during
... process (Diamond, 1995). The primary thalamic nucleus is the VPM, and the secondary nucleus is the rostral sector of the posterior complex (POm). In addition, there are two types of corticothalamic pathways (see Fig. 1) that differ in the layer of cortex from where they originate (for review Guiller ...
... process (Diamond, 1995). The primary thalamic nucleus is the VPM, and the secondary nucleus is the rostral sector of the posterior complex (POm). In addition, there are two types of corticothalamic pathways (see Fig. 1) that differ in the layer of cortex from where they originate (for review Guiller ...
Principles of Neural Science - Weizmann Institute of Science
... In contrast to reflexes, voluntary movements are initiated to accomplish a specific goal. Voluntary movements may, of course, be triggered by external events—we put on the brakes when we see the traffic light turn red or rush to catch a ball in flight. Voluntary movements improve with practice as on ...
... In contrast to reflexes, voluntary movements are initiated to accomplish a specific goal. Voluntary movements may, of course, be triggered by external events—we put on the brakes when we see the traffic light turn red or rush to catch a ball in flight. Voluntary movements improve with practice as on ...
Central projections of the glossopharyngeal and
... The fish were anesthetized with tricaine methane sulfonate WS-222; 1:7,000) and clamped horizontally in a Plexiglas fish holder. Water containing MS-222 was perfused over the gills. The IX or X nerve branch was dissected free of the surrounding tissue in the gill region and transected, and the centr ...
... The fish were anesthetized with tricaine methane sulfonate WS-222; 1:7,000) and clamped horizontally in a Plexiglas fish holder. Water containing MS-222 was perfused over the gills. The IX or X nerve branch was dissected free of the surrounding tissue in the gill region and transected, and the centr ...
Measuring Cortical Thickness - McConnell Brain Imaging Centre
... 2. The measurment of cortical thickness should take a priori knowledge about cortical morphology into account and try to approximate that information where possible. 3. The thickness measurement at any one point ought to be the shortest distance that meets the above criteria. 2.2.1 Cortical Thicknes ...
... 2. The measurment of cortical thickness should take a priori knowledge about cortical morphology into account and try to approximate that information where possible. 3. The thickness measurement at any one point ought to be the shortest distance that meets the above criteria. 2.2.1 Cortical Thicknes ...
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... lecular protein complexes that form these channels comprise numerous subunits with distinct structural and functional features. All mammalian VDICs contain one (Nav, Cav) or four (Kv) transmembrane pore-forming and voltage-sensing subunit(s) termed ␣ (for Nav and Kv) or ␣1 (for Cav). These polypepti ...
... lecular protein complexes that form these channels comprise numerous subunits with distinct structural and functional features. All mammalian VDICs contain one (Nav, Cav) or four (Kv) transmembrane pore-forming and voltage-sensing subunit(s) termed ␣ (for Nav and Kv) or ␣1 (for Cav). These polypepti ...
Olfactory tract transection in neonatal rats: Evidence for Mitral cell
... postnatal life14-17. Olfactory tract transection (OTT) at this stage causes a wide range of functional and cytoarchitectural changes. However, the tract is capable of undergoing regeneration and thus sparing the behavioural abnormality as shown in male hamsters18,19. The reinnervation of the olfacto ...
... postnatal life14-17. Olfactory tract transection (OTT) at this stage causes a wide range of functional and cytoarchitectural changes. However, the tract is capable of undergoing regeneration and thus sparing the behavioural abnormality as shown in male hamsters18,19. The reinnervation of the olfacto ...
Topographic Organization of Corticospinal Projections from the
... body. A large part of the body map was located in cytoarchitectonic area 4. However, the representation of axial body musculature was located in the caudal part of area 6. In fact, it was principally the presence of axial representation in caudal area 6 and the lack of skeletomotor effects following ...
... body. A large part of the body map was located in cytoarchitectonic area 4. However, the representation of axial body musculature was located in the caudal part of area 6. In fact, it was principally the presence of axial representation in caudal area 6 and the lack of skeletomotor effects following ...
The amygdala - University of Puget Sound
... temporal lobe. Like most brain regions, the amygdala is not a single mass but is composed of distinct subareas or nuclei (Figure 1). The almond shaped area that gives the amygdala its name was really only one of these nuclei, the basal nucleus, rather than the whole structure. Nuclei within brain ar ...
... temporal lobe. Like most brain regions, the amygdala is not a single mass but is composed of distinct subareas or nuclei (Figure 1). The almond shaped area that gives the amygdala its name was really only one of these nuclei, the basal nucleus, rather than the whole structure. Nuclei within brain ar ...
The Influence of Retinal Afferents Upon the Development of Layers
... stage of development halts futher laminar differentiation, especially of the interlaminar zones, although some characteristic maturation of the geniculate cells continues. Rakic (1981), who has studied the effects of very early, prenatal, monocular deafferentation in macaque monkeys, has shown that ...
... stage of development halts futher laminar differentiation, especially of the interlaminar zones, although some characteristic maturation of the geniculate cells continues. Rakic (1981), who has studied the effects of very early, prenatal, monocular deafferentation in macaque monkeys, has shown that ...
Multimodal Integration in Rostral Fastigial Nucleus Provides an
... signals underlies the accurate computation of body motion. Furthermore, the same neurons that encode body motion (i.e., bimodal neurons) most likely encode vestibular signals in a body-referenced coordinate frame, since the integration of proprioceptive and vestibular information is required for bot ...
... signals underlies the accurate computation of body motion. Furthermore, the same neurons that encode body motion (i.e., bimodal neurons) most likely encode vestibular signals in a body-referenced coordinate frame, since the integration of proprioceptive and vestibular information is required for bot ...
The Optic Tectum in Fishes
... (SPV) is composed of densely packed neuronal cell bodies. Some 15 morphologically distinct neuron types have been described in goldfish, a few of which are illustrated in Fig. 2. In elasmobranch fishes, the tectum is less prominent than it is in a typical teleost, being smaller than the telencephalo ...
... (SPV) is composed of densely packed neuronal cell bodies. Some 15 morphologically distinct neuron types have been described in goldfish, a few of which are illustrated in Fig. 2. In elasmobranch fishes, the tectum is less prominent than it is in a typical teleost, being smaller than the telencephalo ...
Update on models of basal ganglia function and dysfunction
... importance of dopamine release at regulating the transmission at specific synapses in the striatum are accepted. However, some of the details of the earlier pathophysiology models of basal ganglia diseases have fallen by the wayside, most likely because the anatomical models were too rigidly transfor ...
... importance of dopamine release at regulating the transmission at specific synapses in the striatum are accepted. However, some of the details of the earlier pathophysiology models of basal ganglia diseases have fallen by the wayside, most likely because the anatomical models were too rigidly transfor ...
Excitatory and Inhibitory Vestibular Pathways to the Extraocular
... six canals formed nearly exclusive contralateral/excitatory and ipsilateral/inhibitory three neuron arcs terminating in the appropriate subgroups of extraocular motoneurons (reviewed in Evinger 1988; Highstein and McCrea 1988). To date, the only exception to this scheme has appeared to be the presen ...
... six canals formed nearly exclusive contralateral/excitatory and ipsilateral/inhibitory three neuron arcs terminating in the appropriate subgroups of extraocular motoneurons (reviewed in Evinger 1988; Highstein and McCrea 1988). To date, the only exception to this scheme has appeared to be the presen ...
Layer II/III of the Prefrontal Cortex: Inhibition by the Serotonin
... anxiety levels. Layer II/III of the prefrontal cortex, which mediates communication across cortical regions, displays a high level of 5-HT1A receptor binding in normal individuals and a significantly lower level in patients with mood and anxiety disorders. Here, we examine how serotonin modulates py ...
... anxiety levels. Layer II/III of the prefrontal cortex, which mediates communication across cortical regions, displays a high level of 5-HT1A receptor binding in normal individuals and a significantly lower level in patients with mood and anxiety disorders. Here, we examine how serotonin modulates py ...
What is the function of the claustrum? - Christof Koch
... monkeys and humans see, respectively; LeVay & Sherk 1981a; Brand 1981; Braak & Braak 1982). The axons of these type I cells, after throwing off local collaterals, often leave the claustrum either medially or laterally (figure 4a). They are the principal cells of the claustrum in that they can both r ...
... monkeys and humans see, respectively; LeVay & Sherk 1981a; Brand 1981; Braak & Braak 1982). The axons of these type I cells, after throwing off local collaterals, often leave the claustrum either medially or laterally (figure 4a). They are the principal cells of the claustrum in that they can both r ...
(2000). Cerebral hemisphere regulation of motivated behavior.
... system consists of a series of primary, transversely arranged ‘segments’ that, from rostral to caudal, include the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord.The other structural model dates back even further to Vesalius in the 16th century and consists of three parts: a trunk or core that gene ...
... system consists of a series of primary, transversely arranged ‘segments’ that, from rostral to caudal, include the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord.The other structural model dates back even further to Vesalius in the 16th century and consists of three parts: a trunk or core that gene ...
Cerebral hemisphere regulation of motivated
... system consists of a series of primary, transversely arranged ‘segments’ that, from rostral to caudal, include the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord.The other structural model dates back even further to Vesalius in the 16th century and consists of three parts: a trunk or core that gene ...
... system consists of a series of primary, transversely arranged ‘segments’ that, from rostral to caudal, include the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord.The other structural model dates back even further to Vesalius in the 16th century and consists of three parts: a trunk or core that gene ...
CNS 424 Block Educational Framework (Week 1)
... unconscious proprioception from the limbs and trunk. Describe lateral spinothalamic tract and pathways for pain and temperature from the limbs and trunk. Describe ventral spinothalamic tract and pathways for simple touch from the limbs and trunk. Define the terms upper and lower motor neurons with e ...
... unconscious proprioception from the limbs and trunk. Describe lateral spinothalamic tract and pathways for pain and temperature from the limbs and trunk. Describe ventral spinothalamic tract and pathways for simple touch from the limbs and trunk. Define the terms upper and lower motor neurons with e ...
Article - Perelman School of Medicine at the University of
... SP neurons inappropriately express genes, molecular characteristics, and projections of normally later-born subcerebral projection neurons. Similarly, subcerebral projection neurons prematurely differentiate before they reach their final positions in layer V and arrest their migration heterotopicall ...
... SP neurons inappropriately express genes, molecular characteristics, and projections of normally later-born subcerebral projection neurons. Similarly, subcerebral projection neurons prematurely differentiate before they reach their final positions in layer V and arrest their migration heterotopicall ...
The thalamus as a putative biomarker in neurodegenerative disorders
... analysis to signal detection, and vice versa) is thought to be modulated by brainstem and cortical inputs to the thalamus; it has been suggested that disturbance of this process may underpin the aberrant salience seen in neuropsychiatric disease (for instance see Byne et al., ...
... analysis to signal detection, and vice versa) is thought to be modulated by brainstem and cortical inputs to the thalamus; it has been suggested that disturbance of this process may underpin the aberrant salience seen in neuropsychiatric disease (for instance see Byne et al., ...
Weak orientation and direction selectivity in lateral geniculate
... LGN. Furthermore, some recent studies in the mouse report that many LGN cells exhibit pronounced orientation biases that are of comparable strength to the subthreshold inputs to V1 neurons. These results raise the possibility that, in rodents, orientation biases of individual LGN cells make a substa ...
... LGN. Furthermore, some recent studies in the mouse report that many LGN cells exhibit pronounced orientation biases that are of comparable strength to the subthreshold inputs to V1 neurons. These results raise the possibility that, in rodents, orientation biases of individual LGN cells make a substa ...
Cortical areas are linked through pathways which originate and
... scale of 1–6. It was thus necessar y to normalize the data so that comparisons could be made across areas. To this end, for each individual projection area mapped after a single injection, we expressed the number of labeled neurons in the upper layers (2–3) and in the deep layers (5–6) as a percenta ...
... scale of 1–6. It was thus necessar y to normalize the data so that comparisons could be made across areas. To this end, for each individual projection area mapped after a single injection, we expressed the number of labeled neurons in the upper layers (2–3) and in the deep layers (5–6) as a percenta ...
Disc1Point Mutations in Mice Affect Development of the Cerebral
... Neuron morphology and dendritic spines. For morphometric analyses of over the cortex as sampling windows. A two-dimensional cell counting individual neurons, Golgi images at 40⫻ magnification were captured approach of random sampling was used to provide accurate estimates of under brightfield illumi ...
... Neuron morphology and dendritic spines. For morphometric analyses of over the cortex as sampling windows. A two-dimensional cell counting individual neurons, Golgi images at 40⫻ magnification were captured approach of random sampling was used to provide accurate estimates of under brightfield illumi ...
Olfactory pathway
... the temporal lobe (uncus). Then to olfactory association cortex (anterior part of parahippocampal gyrus or entorinal area). The primary olfactory area and olfactory association cortex are referred to as the pyriform cortex. It is responsible for the appreciation of olfactory stimuli. ...
... the temporal lobe (uncus). Then to olfactory association cortex (anterior part of parahippocampal gyrus or entorinal area). The primary olfactory area and olfactory association cortex are referred to as the pyriform cortex. It is responsible for the appreciation of olfactory stimuli. ...
REPRESENTATION OF CENTRAL VISUAL FIELDS IN
... striate cortex was limite0 to 8 or 9 days. For ease of reference, the lesions are shown on a composite diagram (Fig. 1). All the lesions were roughly of the same size, being about 6-7 m m long and about 1.5 m m in width. The map provided by Talbot and Marshall 16 was used as a reference in making th ...
... striate cortex was limite0 to 8 or 9 days. For ease of reference, the lesions are shown on a composite diagram (Fig. 1). All the lesions were roughly of the same size, being about 6-7 m m long and about 1.5 m m in width. The map provided by Talbot and Marshall 16 was used as a reference in making th ...
Anatomy of the cerebellum
The anatomy of the cerebellum can be viewed at three levels. At the level of large-scale anatomy, the cerebellum consists of a tightly folded and crumpled layer of cortex, with white matter underneath, several deep nuclei embedded in the white matter, and a fluid-filled ventricle in the middle. At the intermediate level, the cerebellum and its auxiliary structures can be decomposed into several hundred or thousand independently functioning modules or ""microzones"". At the microscopic level, each module consists of the same small set of neuronal elements, laid out with a highly stereotyped geometry.