CHAPTER TWO - Test Bank 1
... 34. During action potential, the electrical charge inside the neuron is ______ the electrical charge outside the neuron. a) positive compared to Correct. There are more positively charged ions inside the cell than outside. b) larger than c) negative compared to Incorrect. During resting potential, t ...
... 34. During action potential, the electrical charge inside the neuron is ______ the electrical charge outside the neuron. a) positive compared to Correct. There are more positively charged ions inside the cell than outside. b) larger than c) negative compared to Incorrect. During resting potential, t ...
Neural Coding of Distinct Statistical Properties of
... computation and provide important new insights into human reward information processing. Another critical question is whether post-synaptic targets of midbrain neurons respond differentially to the phasic error prediction signal and the sustained reward uncertainty signal. If activity patterns in th ...
... computation and provide important new insights into human reward information processing. Another critical question is whether post-synaptic targets of midbrain neurons respond differentially to the phasic error prediction signal and the sustained reward uncertainty signal. If activity patterns in th ...
indirect projections from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to major
... reticular formation (P 8.8 and P 9.3), involved in REM sleep generation (Steriade and McCarley, 1990). As in our previous studies (Deurveilher et al., 2002; Deurveilher and Semba, 2003), anterograde labeling was analyzed using sections stained only for BDA, because the additional immunostaining ofte ...
... reticular formation (P 8.8 and P 9.3), involved in REM sleep generation (Steriade and McCarley, 1990). As in our previous studies (Deurveilher et al., 2002; Deurveilher and Semba, 2003), anterograde labeling was analyzed using sections stained only for BDA, because the additional immunostaining ofte ...
melanogaster
... release of octopamine is involved in state-dependent modulation of visual interneurons in ies. Further, I investigated the role of a single pair of octopamine neurons that project to the optic lobes, and found no evidence that chemical synaptic transmission via these neurons is necessary for the i ...
... release of octopamine is involved in state-dependent modulation of visual interneurons in ies. Further, I investigated the role of a single pair of octopamine neurons that project to the optic lobes, and found no evidence that chemical synaptic transmission via these neurons is necessary for the i ...
Projections from the brain to the spinal cord in the mouse Huazheng
... of mammalian species, but have not been comprehensively studied in the mouse. We have mapped these cells in the mouse using retrograde tracing after large unilateral Fluoro-Gold (FG) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections in the C1 and C2 spinal cord segments. We have identified over 30 cell gr ...
... of mammalian species, but have not been comprehensively studied in the mouse. We have mapped these cells in the mouse using retrograde tracing after large unilateral Fluoro-Gold (FG) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections in the C1 and C2 spinal cord segments. We have identified over 30 cell gr ...
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex GABA Concentration in Humans
... utility for future clinical studies and further studies of GABA’s role in WM in humans. Here, we used a novel behavioral approach to test the hypothesis that individuals’ GABA levels within the DLPFC predict their WM performance. WM is a multifaceted construct composed of multiple component processe ...
... utility for future clinical studies and further studies of GABA’s role in WM in humans. Here, we used a novel behavioral approach to test the hypothesis that individuals’ GABA levels within the DLPFC predict their WM performance. WM is a multifaceted construct composed of multiple component processe ...
Resonance properties of different neuronal populations in the
... 2002). In rodents, the hippocampal θ rhythm is prominent during exploration, locomotion and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (Bland, 1986;Vanderwolf, 1988;Vinogradova, 1995;Buzsaki, 2002). θ rhythm plays an important role in sensory-motor behaviour, learning and memory processes and synaptic plasticit ...
... 2002). In rodents, the hippocampal θ rhythm is prominent during exploration, locomotion and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (Bland, 1986;Vanderwolf, 1988;Vinogradova, 1995;Buzsaki, 2002). θ rhythm plays an important role in sensory-motor behaviour, learning and memory processes and synaptic plasticit ...
Normal sleep and circadian rhythms: Neurobiologic mechanisms
... Activated refers to an active mind (dreams) and the EEG pattern characteristic of wakefulness. Paradoxically, individuals in REM sleep, although activated, are behaviorally less responsive than during the wake state [2], [3]. Desynchronized refers to the random-appearing wave pattern seen on the REM ...
... Activated refers to an active mind (dreams) and the EEG pattern characteristic of wakefulness. Paradoxically, individuals in REM sleep, although activated, are behaviorally less responsive than during the wake state [2], [3]. Desynchronized refers to the random-appearing wave pattern seen on the REM ...
Limbic systems for emotion and for memory, but no
... many steps ahead, and for example deferring short-term rewards in order to execute a long-term plan. This system may use syntactic processing to perform the planning, and is therefore part of a linguistic system which performs explicit (conscious) processing, as described more fully elsewhere (Rolls ...
... many steps ahead, and for example deferring short-term rewards in order to execute a long-term plan. This system may use syntactic processing to perform the planning, and is therefore part of a linguistic system which performs explicit (conscious) processing, as described more fully elsewhere (Rolls ...
ANS: c, p. 46, F, LO=2.1, (1)
... 29. The term “fire” when referring to neural transmission indicates that a neuron: a) has become less positive in charge. b) has received, in its dendrites, appropriate inputs from other neurons. Correct. A neuron fires after the dendrites receive enough stimulation to trigger the cell body to gener ...
... 29. The term “fire” when referring to neural transmission indicates that a neuron: a) has become less positive in charge. b) has received, in its dendrites, appropriate inputs from other neurons. Correct. A neuron fires after the dendrites receive enough stimulation to trigger the cell body to gener ...
View: Chapter Text (PDF with new
... cuneatus medialis) (Fig. 18–8). The fasciculi are composed of cranial branches of primary afferent axons associated with encapsulated receptors located in skin or in muscles, tendons, and joints. The nuclei relay sensory information from primary afferent neurons to neurons in the thalamus. Axons fro ...
... cuneatus medialis) (Fig. 18–8). The fasciculi are composed of cranial branches of primary afferent axons associated with encapsulated receptors located in skin or in muscles, tendons, and joints. The nuclei relay sensory information from primary afferent neurons to neurons in the thalamus. Axons fro ...
Primate amygdala neurons evaluate the progress of self
... reward type (Watanabe et al., 2001) and reward magnitude (Hernadi et al., 2015), with typically faster responses for preferred rewards and high magnitude rewards. We focused on key release latencies because in the present task they may reflect more closely the animal’s reward expectancy compared to ...
... reward type (Watanabe et al., 2001) and reward magnitude (Hernadi et al., 2015), with typically faster responses for preferred rewards and high magnitude rewards. We focused on key release latencies because in the present task they may reflect more closely the animal’s reward expectancy compared to ...
Activation of the hypothalamic feeding centre upon visual
... by internal signals such as blood sugar levels, but also by the recognition of the availability of food sources in the environment. For example, neuronal activity has been observed in the hypothalamic feeding centre during appetitive and consummatory behaviours in rodents6 and at the sight of famili ...
... by internal signals such as blood sugar levels, but also by the recognition of the availability of food sources in the environment. For example, neuronal activity has been observed in the hypothalamic feeding centre during appetitive and consummatory behaviours in rodents6 and at the sight of famili ...
The Suppressive Field of Neurons in Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
... Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, San Francisco, California 94115, and 2Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland ...
... Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, San Francisco, California 94115, and 2Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland ...
Retinal projection to the pretectal nucleus lentiformis mesencephali
... and the generation of the optokinetic response. The nBOR receives retinal input from displaced ganglion cells (DGCs), which are found at the margin of the inner nuclear and inner plexiform layers, rather than the ganglion cell layer. The LM receives afferents from retinal ganglion cells, but whether ...
... and the generation of the optokinetic response. The nBOR receives retinal input from displaced ganglion cells (DGCs), which are found at the margin of the inner nuclear and inner plexiform layers, rather than the ganglion cell layer. The LM receives afferents from retinal ganglion cells, but whether ...
Modelling Neuronal Mechanisms of the Processing of Tones and System
... data with which to constrain our models and a bridge (albeit tenuous) to perception from our low-level modelling. Secondly, being a phenomenon studied across the dimension of time at multiple scales, AS allows us to encompass in our study not only neuronal processing at the millisecond scale, but al ...
... data with which to constrain our models and a bridge (albeit tenuous) to perception from our low-level modelling. Secondly, being a phenomenon studied across the dimension of time at multiple scales, AS allows us to encompass in our study not only neuronal processing at the millisecond scale, but al ...
On-line Optical Operant Conditioning of Cortical Activity
... positive reinforcement form of operant conditioning. It has been shown that animals can also learn to modify neuronal activity that is directly rewarded by using electrophysiological recordings. Electrophysiological approaches exhibit excellent temporal resolution, but do not permit recordings from ...
... positive reinforcement form of operant conditioning. It has been shown that animals can also learn to modify neuronal activity that is directly rewarded by using electrophysiological recordings. Electrophysiological approaches exhibit excellent temporal resolution, but do not permit recordings from ...
The Role of Temporal Structure in Human Vision
... the visual system derive spatial structure solely on the basis of temporal structure without discontinuities in static properties? and (c) What properties of temporal structure are critical for the visual system to group or segregate visual components? From the outset, we wish to stress the distinct ...
... the visual system derive spatial structure solely on the basis of temporal structure without discontinuities in static properties? and (c) What properties of temporal structure are critical for the visual system to group or segregate visual components? From the outset, we wish to stress the distinct ...
Prefrontal Phase Locking to Hippocampal Theta Oscillations
... deficit early in training but have little effect in the late stages of training. In contrast, mPFC lesions produce a strong deficit in the late but not in the early stages of training (Takehara et al., 2003). These observations suggest that during the course of learning information is gradually cons ...
... deficit early in training but have little effect in the late stages of training. In contrast, mPFC lesions produce a strong deficit in the late but not in the early stages of training (Takehara et al., 2003). These observations suggest that during the course of learning information is gradually cons ...
Serotonin in the inferior colliculus fluctuates with behavioral state
... transporters and degradation by monoamine oxidase decrease the amount of 5-HT in the extracellular fluid. There is strong regional variation in the concentration of these proteins, which can lead to regional variation in the magnitude and time course of 5-HT profiles (Dahlin et al., 2007; Gasser et ...
... transporters and degradation by monoamine oxidase decrease the amount of 5-HT in the extracellular fluid. There is strong regional variation in the concentration of these proteins, which can lead to regional variation in the magnitude and time course of 5-HT profiles (Dahlin et al., 2007; Gasser et ...
The Perpetual Music Track
... heard in their original key even though I do not have absolute pitch recognition. Invariably, fragments of music rather than whole pieces are heard, and these tend to last between 5 and 15 seconds in duration. These fragments tend to get looped repeatedly upon themselves, sometimes for hours on end, ...
... heard in their original key even though I do not have absolute pitch recognition. Invariably, fragments of music rather than whole pieces are heard, and these tend to last between 5 and 15 seconds in duration. These fragments tend to get looped repeatedly upon themselves, sometimes for hours on end, ...
Somatosensory cortex functional connectivity
... functional magnetic resonance imaging, have found increased, decreased, or even mixed pattern functional connectivity abnormalities in autism, but no unifying framework has emerged to date. We measured functional connectivity in individuals with autism and in controls using magnetoencephalography, w ...
... functional magnetic resonance imaging, have found increased, decreased, or even mixed pattern functional connectivity abnormalities in autism, but no unifying framework has emerged to date. We measured functional connectivity in individuals with autism and in controls using magnetoencephalography, w ...
Vol 431 No 7010 pp723-882
... and other resources that it could have obtained had it chosen right. Such stark, yet simple economic realities select for creatures that evaluate the world quickly and choose appropriate behaviour based on those valuations. From the point of view of selection, the most effective valuations are those ...
... and other resources that it could have obtained had it chosen right. Such stark, yet simple economic realities select for creatures that evaluate the world quickly and choose appropriate behaviour based on those valuations. From the point of view of selection, the most effective valuations are those ...
Refinement of feedforward projections, neuronal density, and
... cortical synapses in layer 4 of V1 and compare the characteristics of these synapses with those of cortico-cortical synapses in the same layer. The reason for differentiating between particular types of synapses in specific layers is that the visual cortex is very highly organized anatomically, and ...
... cortical synapses in layer 4 of V1 and compare the characteristics of these synapses with those of cortico-cortical synapses in the same layer. The reason for differentiating between particular types of synapses in specific layers is that the visual cortex is very highly organized anatomically, and ...
Transgenic Mouse Lines Subdivide Medial Vestibular Nucleus
... contralateral vestibular nuclei, indicating that commissural inhibition is accomplished through at least two processing streams with differential input and output properties. Key words: MVN; cerebellum; action potential; afterdepolarization; afterhyperpolarization; single-cell RT-PCR; vestibulo-ocul ...
... contralateral vestibular nuclei, indicating that commissural inhibition is accomplished through at least two processing streams with differential input and output properties. Key words: MVN; cerebellum; action potential; afterdepolarization; afterhyperpolarization; single-cell RT-PCR; vestibulo-ocul ...
Neural correlates of consciousness
The neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) constitute the minimal set of neuronal events and mechanisms sufficient for a specific conscious percept. Neuroscientists use empirical approaches to discover neural correlates of subjective phenomena. The set should be minimal because, under the assumption that the brain is sufficient to give rise to any given conscious experience, the question is which of its components is necessary to produce it.