Hormone sensitive lipase: structure, function and
... endurances, the source switches from the "fast" energy (carbohydrates) to the "slow" energy (lipids). Upon starvation this switch is also seen. Only the brain keeps using carbohydrates as it can not metabolize lipids. When starvation proceeds, proteins are used for energy and also ketone bodies are ...
... endurances, the source switches from the "fast" energy (carbohydrates) to the "slow" energy (lipids). Upon starvation this switch is also seen. Only the brain keeps using carbohydrates as it can not metabolize lipids. When starvation proceeds, proteins are used for energy and also ketone bodies are ...
Calreticulin, a multi-process calcium
... (A) Linear representation of calreticulin domains is shown. The protein contains an N-terminal amino acid signal sequence (black box), N-domain (blue box), P-domain (red box), C-domain (orange box) and a C-terminal KDEL ER retrieval signal. Repeats A (amino acid sequence PXXIXDPDAXKPEDWDE) and B (am ...
... (A) Linear representation of calreticulin domains is shown. The protein contains an N-terminal amino acid signal sequence (black box), N-domain (blue box), P-domain (red box), C-domain (orange box) and a C-terminal KDEL ER retrieval signal. Repeats A (amino acid sequence PXXIXDPDAXKPEDWDE) and B (am ...
Understanding the Regulation of Metabolic Enzyme Acetylation in E
... activity, and is regulated by the sirtuin CobB in S. enterica, and the sirtuin SrtN and the class I KDAC AcuC in B. subtilis [16, 22-24]. The response regulator RcsB is part of the Rcs two component system involved in regulating complex cellular processes such as flagellar synthesis, cell division, ...
... activity, and is regulated by the sirtuin CobB in S. enterica, and the sirtuin SrtN and the class I KDAC AcuC in B. subtilis [16, 22-24]. The response regulator RcsB is part of the Rcs two component system involved in regulating complex cellular processes such as flagellar synthesis, cell division, ...
NAGS - BMC Biochemistry
... NAGS proteins indicated that they belong to two distinct families. Bacterial and plant NAGS with sequences similar to Escherichia coli NAGS are in one family, while the bifunctional N-acetylglutamate synthase and kinase (NAGS-K) from Xanthomonas campestris, together with putative NAGS-K from several ...
... NAGS proteins indicated that they belong to two distinct families. Bacterial and plant NAGS with sequences similar to Escherichia coli NAGS are in one family, while the bifunctional N-acetylglutamate synthase and kinase (NAGS-K) from Xanthomonas campestris, together with putative NAGS-K from several ...
Sample question set 1 biology
... What specific biological process is believed to have produced most of the diatomic oxygen in the Earth’s atmosphere? ANSWER: PHOTOSYNTHESIS BONUS 15) BIOLOGY Short Answer In photosynthesis II (read as: two), what is light energy most notably used to initially accomplish? ANSWER: SPLITTING OF WATER T ...
... What specific biological process is believed to have produced most of the diatomic oxygen in the Earth’s atmosphere? ANSWER: PHOTOSYNTHESIS BONUS 15) BIOLOGY Short Answer In photosynthesis II (read as: two), what is light energy most notably used to initially accomplish? ANSWER: SPLITTING OF WATER T ...
Anaerobic Respiration Using a Complete Oxidative TCA Cycle
... during consolidation, macromolecule synthesis and oxygen uptake are restored to levels equivalent to preswarming levels (18). Furthermore, a study of Proteus vulgaris swarming showed that membrane vesicles from swarm cells have reduced rates of NADH, malate, and succinate respiration (19). Interesti ...
... during consolidation, macromolecule synthesis and oxygen uptake are restored to levels equivalent to preswarming levels (18). Furthermore, a study of Proteus vulgaris swarming showed that membrane vesicles from swarm cells have reduced rates of NADH, malate, and succinate respiration (19). Interesti ...
Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum for the -threonine
... and acetaldehyde (Simic et al., 2002). The main substrate of this enzyme is L-serine with which the cleavage activity is 24-fold higher than with L-threonine. In E. coli, two enzymes, threonine dehydrogenase encoded by the tdh gene (Bell and Turner, 1976) and threonine aldolase encoded by the ltaE g ...
... and acetaldehyde (Simic et al., 2002). The main substrate of this enzyme is L-serine with which the cleavage activity is 24-fold higher than with L-threonine. In E. coli, two enzymes, threonine dehydrogenase encoded by the tdh gene (Bell and Turner, 1976) and threonine aldolase encoded by the ltaE g ...
Structure of a Pheromone Receptor-Associated MHC Molecule with
... Rich Olson1, Kathryn E. Huey-Tubman1,2, Catherine Dulac3, Pamela J. Bjorkman1,2* 1 Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America, 2 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of Am ...
... Rich Olson1, Kathryn E. Huey-Tubman1,2, Catherine Dulac3, Pamela J. Bjorkman1,2* 1 Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America, 2 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of Am ...
Fast evolutionary rates associated with functional loss in class I
... Regulation of nutrient transporters by nutrient availability is a well-known phenomenon in microorganisms, such as yeast [14] and bacteria [15]. The regulation of mammalian transporters by their substrates, however, is less understood [10]. Nevertheless, the effect of glucose on the transcriptional ...
... Regulation of nutrient transporters by nutrient availability is a well-known phenomenon in microorganisms, such as yeast [14] and bacteria [15]. The regulation of mammalian transporters by their substrates, however, is less understood [10]. Nevertheless, the effect of glucose on the transcriptional ...
Biosynthesis of geranial, a potent aroma compound in ginger
... than that of geraniol and geranyl acetate, respectively. Figure 1B indicates the labeled compounds detected in the plants treated with D2-geraniol or D2-geranyl acetate. The extracts contained labeled geraniol-related compounds as well as their endogenous compounds under both treatments, indicating ...
... than that of geraniol and geranyl acetate, respectively. Figure 1B indicates the labeled compounds detected in the plants treated with D2-geraniol or D2-geranyl acetate. The extracts contained labeled geraniol-related compounds as well as their endogenous compounds under both treatments, indicating ...
serum-free media for cell culture
... Recent years have seen an increased awareness of foetal sensitivity to pain and growing evidence of resistance to anoxia in mammalian foetuses. Consequently calf foetuses are likely to be alive and have normal brain function during blood collection, and can be expected to experience suffering unti ...
... Recent years have seen an increased awareness of foetal sensitivity to pain and growing evidence of resistance to anoxia in mammalian foetuses. Consequently calf foetuses are likely to be alive and have normal brain function during blood collection, and can be expected to experience suffering unti ...
Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Physiology and Metabolism by
... PPARs are predominantly nuclear and regulate transcription by heterodimerizing with the retinoid X receptor (RXR) as shown in Fig. 1. The receptor complex binds to a peroxisomal proliferator response element (PPRE) located in the regulatory region of a gene and binds to DNA in the absence of ligands ...
... PPARs are predominantly nuclear and regulate transcription by heterodimerizing with the retinoid X receptor (RXR) as shown in Fig. 1. The receptor complex binds to a peroxisomal proliferator response element (PPRE) located in the regulatory region of a gene and binds to DNA in the absence of ligands ...
Investigating genotype-phenotype relationships in
... modulate the expression of several genes or even entire pathways, rendering regulatory genes attractive targets for metabolic engineering. Integration of regulatory information with genomescale models is still in its infancy, partially due to incomplete knowledge and characterization of regulation ...
... modulate the expression of several genes or even entire pathways, rendering regulatory genes attractive targets for metabolic engineering. Integration of regulatory information with genomescale models is still in its infancy, partially due to incomplete knowledge and characterization of regulation ...
METABOLIC CUES AND REGULATORY PROTEINS
... macrophages to cause the severe pneumonia, Legionnaires’ disease. To persist within these diverse niches, L. pneumophila alternates between at least two distinct phenotypic phases: a non-infectious, replicative form required for intracellular growth and an infectious, transmissive form that enhances ...
... macrophages to cause the severe pneumonia, Legionnaires’ disease. To persist within these diverse niches, L. pneumophila alternates between at least two distinct phenotypic phases: a non-infectious, replicative form required for intracellular growth and an infectious, transmissive form that enhances ...
Emerging role of Nrf2 - Discovery
... been disrupted (Nrf2-KO) [35]. This difference is particularly striking upon challenge with agents causing oxidative stress. Moreover, cells deficient in Nrf2 are much more sensitive to the toxicity of oxidants of various types and cannot be protected by Nrf2 inducers, which, under the same condition ...
... been disrupted (Nrf2-KO) [35]. This difference is particularly striking upon challenge with agents causing oxidative stress. Moreover, cells deficient in Nrf2 are much more sensitive to the toxicity of oxidants of various types and cannot be protected by Nrf2 inducers, which, under the same condition ...
Unusual ADP-forming acetyl-coenzyme A synthetases from the
... characterization of two ACDs with unique molecular and catalytic features, from the mesophilic euryarchaeon Haloarcula marismortui and from the hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon Pyrobaculum aerophilum. ACD from H. marismortui was purified and characterized as a saltdependent, mesophilic ACD of homodimer ...
... characterization of two ACDs with unique molecular and catalytic features, from the mesophilic euryarchaeon Haloarcula marismortui and from the hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon Pyrobaculum aerophilum. ACD from H. marismortui was purified and characterized as a saltdependent, mesophilic ACD of homodimer ...
Osmo- and thermo-adaptation in hyperthermophilic Archaea
... microorganisms adapted to grow optimally at elevated temperatures tend to use negatively charged solutes that are not present or rarely encountered in mesophilic organisms. In this work, the organic solute pool of several members of the genus Archaeoglobus as well as of the extreme hyperthermophile ...
... microorganisms adapted to grow optimally at elevated temperatures tend to use negatively charged solutes that are not present or rarely encountered in mesophilic organisms. In this work, the organic solute pool of several members of the genus Archaeoglobus as well as of the extreme hyperthermophile ...
A computational approach to map nucleosome positions and
... genes in the region are regulated. Nevertheless, determining the position of nucleosomes accurately or testing how nucleosomes are different between individual cells are challenging tasks. Most methods for identifying nucleosomes use an enzyme called micrococcal nuclease (or MNase for short) to brea ...
... genes in the region are regulated. Nevertheless, determining the position of nucleosomes accurately or testing how nucleosomes are different between individual cells are challenging tasks. Most methods for identifying nucleosomes use an enzyme called micrococcal nuclease (or MNase for short) to brea ...
The metabolic basis of Candida albicans
... forms have a higher resistance to neutrophil killing (Smail et al., 1992; Fradin et al., 2005). Moreover, experimental studies support the hypothesis that the morphological transition is an essential virulence factor for C. albicans. For instance, a reduced mortality rate has been reported in animal ...
... forms have a higher resistance to neutrophil killing (Smail et al., 1992; Fradin et al., 2005). Moreover, experimental studies support the hypothesis that the morphological transition is an essential virulence factor for C. albicans. For instance, a reduced mortality rate has been reported in animal ...
Functional characterization of rare FOXP2 variants in
... characterized the interaction between this transcription factor and co-repressor proteins of the C-terminal binding protein (CTBP) family. Finally, we analysed the functional significance of the polyglutamine tracts in FOXP2, since tract length variations have been reported in cases of neurodevelopm ...
... characterized the interaction between this transcription factor and co-repressor proteins of the C-terminal binding protein (CTBP) family. Finally, we analysed the functional significance of the polyglutamine tracts in FOXP2, since tract length variations have been reported in cases of neurodevelopm ...
Genome-wide Investigation of Cellular Functions for tRNA Nucleus
... Cindy Knecht and Andrea Crago from the disability service that was provided by the OSU and the Professional Reporters, Inc. Their amazing real-time transcribing work truly helped me overcome the double barriers of disability and language. Thank to OSU provided such a friendly campus. I thank people ...
... Cindy Knecht and Andrea Crago from the disability service that was provided by the OSU and the Professional Reporters, Inc. Their amazing real-time transcribing work truly helped me overcome the double barriers of disability and language. Thank to OSU provided such a friendly campus. I thank people ...
Functional Characterization of Nine Norway
... inclusion of these TPS into the TPS-d subfamily revealed that functional specialization of conifer TPS occurred before speciation of Pinaceae. Furthermore, based on TPS enclaves created by distinct branching patterns, the TPS-d subfamily is divided into three groups according to sequence similaritie ...
... inclusion of these TPS into the TPS-d subfamily revealed that functional specialization of conifer TPS occurred before speciation of Pinaceae. Furthermore, based on TPS enclaves created by distinct branching patterns, the TPS-d subfamily is divided into three groups according to sequence similaritie ...
Article The Evolution of Momordica Cyclic Peptides
... DNA using the primers that amplified TIPTOP genes from Momordica cochinchinensis and M. sphaeroidea (Mylne et al. 2012) resulted in new TIPTOP genes from two Asian Momordica, that is, one from M. subangulata (TIPTOP4) and two from M. macrophylla (TIPTOP5 and TIPTOP6). TIPTOP4–6, respectively, encode ...
... DNA using the primers that amplified TIPTOP genes from Momordica cochinchinensis and M. sphaeroidea (Mylne et al. 2012) resulted in new TIPTOP genes from two Asian Momordica, that is, one from M. subangulata (TIPTOP4) and two from M. macrophylla (TIPTOP5 and TIPTOP6). TIPTOP4–6, respectively, encode ...
Mechanisms of animal diapause: recent
... caused a progressive transgenerational extinction of the germline over multiple generations (66, 97). Surprisingly, this progressive sterility could be reset if the animals passed through the dauer stage (97). Both of these dauer-suppressible phenotypes suggest that as the animal transits through da ...
... caused a progressive transgenerational extinction of the germline over multiple generations (66, 97). Surprisingly, this progressive sterility could be reset if the animals passed through the dauer stage (97). Both of these dauer-suppressible phenotypes suggest that as the animal transits through da ...
Glutamate Dehydrogenases: Enzymology, Physiological
... The distribution of gdh genes does not show any strong pattern that correlate with the phylogeny [56]. It was believed for some time that NAD- and NADP-GDHs were originated via single gene duplication [57], but as genomes are sequenced and more gdh genes are identified this hypothesis has been ruled ...
... The distribution of gdh genes does not show any strong pattern that correlate with the phylogeny [56]. It was believed for some time that NAD- and NADP-GDHs were originated via single gene duplication [57], but as genomes are sequenced and more gdh genes are identified this hypothesis has been ruled ...
Endogenous retrovirus
Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are endogenous viral elements in the genome that closely resemble and can be derived from retroviruses. They are abundant in the genomes of jawed vertebrates, and they comprise up to 5–8% of the human genome (lower estimates of ~1%). ERVs are a subclass of a type of gene called a transposon, which can be packaged and moved within the genome to serve a vital role in gene expression and in regulation. Researchers have suggested that retroviruses evolved from a type of transposable gene called a retrotransposon, which includes ERVs; these genes can mutate and instead of moving to another location in the genome they can become exogenous or pathogenic. This means that all ERVs may not have originated as an insertion by a retrovirus but that some may have been the source for the genetic information in the retroviruses they resemble.