elaboration, remodeling and spatial organization of
... Ultrastructural characterization of synaptic organization in the Drosophila MB calyx reveals that most PN varicosities are encircled by multiple tiny MB dendrites and several GABAergic terminals (Yusuyama et al., 2002). Further investigation into whether various PNs make stereotyped connections with ...
... Ultrastructural characterization of synaptic organization in the Drosophila MB calyx reveals that most PN varicosities are encircled by multiple tiny MB dendrites and several GABAergic terminals (Yusuyama et al., 2002). Further investigation into whether various PNs make stereotyped connections with ...
Reverse pharmacology of orexin
... these cells during wakefulness. Orexin neurons might activate another type of cholinergic neurons in the PPT and LDT, which are active in wakefulness as well as the REM-sleep period. Recent work also shows that orexin inhibits cholinergic neurons in the PPT via activation of GABAergic local interneu ...
... these cells during wakefulness. Orexin neurons might activate another type of cholinergic neurons in the PPT and LDT, which are active in wakefulness as well as the REM-sleep period. Recent work also shows that orexin inhibits cholinergic neurons in the PPT via activation of GABAergic local interneu ...
Graziano's CV
... Graziano MSA and Aflalo TN (2007) Rethinking cortical organization: Moving away from discrete areas arranged in hierarchies. The Neuroscientist, 13: 138-147. Aflalo TN and Graziano MSA (2007) Relationship between unconstrained arm movement and single neuron firing in the macaque motor cortex. Journ ...
... Graziano MSA and Aflalo TN (2007) Rethinking cortical organization: Moving away from discrete areas arranged in hierarchies. The Neuroscientist, 13: 138-147. Aflalo TN and Graziano MSA (2007) Relationship between unconstrained arm movement and single neuron firing in the macaque motor cortex. Journ ...
Proopiomelanocortin Neurons in Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Are
... (ARC) and the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) in the medulla. The ARC–POMC system regulates energy homeostasis via widespread limbic, motor, and autonomic projections and is modulated by appetite-regulating hormones such as leptin and glucose (Cone et al., 2001; Cowley et al., 2001; Spiegelman and ...
... (ARC) and the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) in the medulla. The ARC–POMC system regulates energy homeostasis via widespread limbic, motor, and autonomic projections and is modulated by appetite-regulating hormones such as leptin and glucose (Cone et al., 2001; Cowley et al., 2001; Spiegelman and ...
Role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the control
... related to stress and the effects of addictive drugs (for review: (Koob, 2003)). Plasticity at excitatory synapses onto the subgroup of VTAprojecting BST neurons correlates with operant learning, suggesting a role of the BST in goal-directed behaviors towards natural and drug associated rewards (Dum ...
... related to stress and the effects of addictive drugs (for review: (Koob, 2003)). Plasticity at excitatory synapses onto the subgroup of VTAprojecting BST neurons correlates with operant learning, suggesting a role of the BST in goal-directed behaviors towards natural and drug associated rewards (Dum ...
Serotonin in the inferior colliculus fluctuates with behavioral state
... with receptors. Postsynaptically, reuptake through several transporters and degradation by monoamine oxidase decrease the amount of 5-HT in the extracellular fluid. There is strong regional variation in the concentration of these proteins, which can lead to regional variation in the magnitude and ti ...
... with receptors. Postsynaptically, reuptake through several transporters and degradation by monoamine oxidase decrease the amount of 5-HT in the extracellular fluid. There is strong regional variation in the concentration of these proteins, which can lead to regional variation in the magnitude and ti ...
Spatial Organization of Facial Vibrissae and Cortical Barrels in the
... thalamus, and cerebral cortex. Such specializations have been identified in the cerebral cortex in a variety of mammals for different sensory systems and are broadly referred to as ‘‘modules.’’ The most intensively studied and best understood system in which peripheral specializations generate funct ...
... thalamus, and cerebral cortex. Such specializations have been identified in the cerebral cortex in a variety of mammals for different sensory systems and are broadly referred to as ‘‘modules.’’ The most intensively studied and best understood system in which peripheral specializations generate funct ...
Cystatin C prevents degeneration of rat nigral dopaminergic neurons
... specific receptor trkB) and members of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family (Hida et al., 2003; Numan and Seroogy, 1997; Zhou et al., 1996, 2000). Consistent with these changes, it was shown that the striatal extracts from patients with Parkinson’s disease promotes growth of DA neurons ...
... specific receptor trkB) and members of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family (Hida et al., 2003; Numan and Seroogy, 1997; Zhou et al., 1996, 2000). Consistent with these changes, it was shown that the striatal extracts from patients with Parkinson’s disease promotes growth of DA neurons ...
Impact of prefrontal cortex in nicotine
... (nAChRs) in the PFC to enhance working memory and attention and Bunney, 1983; Ungless et al., 2004), we do acknowledge that there are (Levin, 1992; Granon et al., 1995; Levin et al., 2006; Counotte et al., the technical limitations in the determination of the identities of our 2011; Guillem et al., ...
... (nAChRs) in the PFC to enhance working memory and attention and Bunney, 1983; Ungless et al., 2004), we do acknowledge that there are (Levin, 1992; Granon et al., 1995; Levin et al., 2006; Counotte et al., the technical limitations in the determination of the identities of our 2011; Guillem et al., ...
REPRESENTATION OF CENTRAL VISUAL FIELDS IN
... * Visiting Associate: present address: Department of Anatomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison~ Wisc. 53706, U.S.A. ...
... * Visiting Associate: present address: Department of Anatomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison~ Wisc. 53706, U.S.A. ...
the phase-space dynamics of systems of spiking neurons
... This thesis investigates the dynamics of systems of neurons in the brain. It considers two questions: (1) Are there coherent spatiotemporal structures in the dynamics of neuronal systems that can denote discrete computational states, and (2) If such structures exist, what restrictions do the dynamic ...
... This thesis investigates the dynamics of systems of neurons in the brain. It considers two questions: (1) Are there coherent spatiotemporal structures in the dynamics of neuronal systems that can denote discrete computational states, and (2) If such structures exist, what restrictions do the dynamic ...
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Directly Activates Noradrenergic
... peroxidase complex (ABC; 1:200; Vectastain Elite kit; Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA). The peroxidase reaction product was subsequently visualized by incubating the sections in 0.022% diaminobenzidine, 0.3% NiSO4(NH4)2SO4, and 0.003% hydrogen peroxide for 6 –7 min. Then, after incubation in blo ...
... peroxidase complex (ABC; 1:200; Vectastain Elite kit; Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA). The peroxidase reaction product was subsequently visualized by incubating the sections in 0.022% diaminobenzidine, 0.3% NiSO4(NH4)2SO4, and 0.003% hydrogen peroxide for 6 –7 min. Then, after incubation in blo ...
The Anatomy of the Posterior Commissure
... tic radiation was closely surrounded in all cases by an inferior longitudinal fascicle (ILF) and a parietooccipitotemporopontine fascicle. The anatomy of the inferior longitudinal fasciculus and its function are not totally understood. It connects the occipital lobe with the anterior temporal lobe a ...
... tic radiation was closely surrounded in all cases by an inferior longitudinal fascicle (ILF) and a parietooccipitotemporopontine fascicle. The anatomy of the inferior longitudinal fasciculus and its function are not totally understood. It connects the occipital lobe with the anterior temporal lobe a ...
Afferent Fiber Remodeling in the Somatosensory Thalamus of Mice
... behavior on the uninjured mandibular region of the face. The anatomical remodeling, emergence of ectopic receptive fields, and extraterritorial pain behavior all concomitantly developed within a week and lasted more than three months after the transection. Our findings, thus, indicate a strong linka ...
... behavior on the uninjured mandibular region of the face. The anatomical remodeling, emergence of ectopic receptive fields, and extraterritorial pain behavior all concomitantly developed within a week and lasted more than three months after the transection. Our findings, thus, indicate a strong linka ...
Rationalizing Context-Dependent Preferences: Divisive
... The question of whether stochastic choice behaviour can be rationalized, and how such behaviour depends on the choice set, has long been of interest in economics. Block and Marschak (1960) first laid out a necessary regularity condition for the existence of a random utility representation, under whi ...
... The question of whether stochastic choice behaviour can be rationalized, and how such behaviour depends on the choice set, has long been of interest in economics. Block and Marschak (1960) first laid out a necessary regularity condition for the existence of a random utility representation, under whi ...
Downloadable Full Text - DSpace@MIT
... Author Contributions S.L., B.K.L. and R.C.M. designed the study, interpreted results and wrote the paper. S.L. and B.K.L. performed stereotactic injections, optogenetic experiments and electrophysiology. S.L., C.R., M.J.B. and K.W.H. performed immunohistochemistry. B.K.L. and K.W.H. generated viruse ...
... Author Contributions S.L., B.K.L. and R.C.M. designed the study, interpreted results and wrote the paper. S.L. and B.K.L. performed stereotactic injections, optogenetic experiments and electrophysiology. S.L., C.R., M.J.B. and K.W.H. performed immunohistochemistry. B.K.L. and K.W.H. generated viruse ...
A role for subplate neurons in the patterning of
... they imply that the cortical plate alone has insufficient information to direct the formation of specific sets of thalamocortical connections: interactions involving subplate neurons must also be present. ...
... they imply that the cortical plate alone has insufficient information to direct the formation of specific sets of thalamocortical connections: interactions involving subplate neurons must also be present. ...
Neurophysiological involvement in hypervolemic hyponatremia
... Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is a neuropeptide mainly synthesized in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary when physiological demands are increased. The major function of circulating AVP is to promote water retention and vasoconstrictio ...
... Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is a neuropeptide mainly synthesized in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary when physiological demands are increased. The major function of circulating AVP is to promote water retention and vasoconstrictio ...
Neural circuits underlying the generation of theta oscillations
... and EEG patterns. This led to the current view that EEG oscillations serve as a temporal reference for information coding by spike times. Nevertheless, the mechanisms and circuits underlying the generation of EEG oscillations are still a matter of active investigation. In vertebrates, active brain s ...
... and EEG patterns. This led to the current view that EEG oscillations serve as a temporal reference for information coding by spike times. Nevertheless, the mechanisms and circuits underlying the generation of EEG oscillations are still a matter of active investigation. In vertebrates, active brain s ...
The Relation between Dendritic Geometry
... provided by the Neurolucida software) was then read-in by the custommade software Rembrandt II (written in IGOR PRO, Lake Oswego, OR). The insertion points of the primary dendrites on the approximated surface of the soma were determined as the intersection of the somatic surface and the linear inter ...
... provided by the Neurolucida software) was then read-in by the custommade software Rembrandt II (written in IGOR PRO, Lake Oswego, OR). The insertion points of the primary dendrites on the approximated surface of the soma were determined as the intersection of the somatic surface and the linear inter ...
Vol 431 No 7010 pp723-882
... This prescription for valuation yields a formula for desires or goals: an organism should desire those things deemed most valuable to it. All mobile organisms possess such discriminatory capacities and can rank numerous dimensions in their world along axes that extend from good to bad. A kind of fac ...
... This prescription for valuation yields a formula for desires or goals: an organism should desire those things deemed most valuable to it. All mobile organisms possess such discriminatory capacities and can rank numerous dimensions in their world along axes that extend from good to bad. A kind of fac ...
Three-dimensional organization of dendrites and local axon
... to the striatum, have a local axon collateral network that arborizes within the striatum. Most recently, these local axon collaterals have been demonstrated to play an important role in GABA-mediated synaptic transmission between striatal spiny projection neurons (Tunstall et al. 2002; Czubayko and ...
... to the striatum, have a local axon collateral network that arborizes within the striatum. Most recently, these local axon collaterals have been demonstrated to play an important role in GABA-mediated synaptic transmission between striatal spiny projection neurons (Tunstall et al. 2002; Czubayko and ...
Projections from the brain to the spinal cord in the mouse Huazheng
... of mammalian species, but have not been comprehensively studied in the mouse. We have mapped these cells in the mouse using retrograde tracing after large unilateral Fluoro-Gold (FG) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections in the C1 and C2 spinal cord segments. We have identified over 30 cell gr ...
... of mammalian species, but have not been comprehensively studied in the mouse. We have mapped these cells in the mouse using retrograde tracing after large unilateral Fluoro-Gold (FG) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections in the C1 and C2 spinal cord segments. We have identified over 30 cell gr ...
Prefrontal Projections to the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus
... of consciousness (Pinault, 2004; Fuentealba and Steriade, 2005; Steriade, 2005). Because of its unique placement and physiology, it has been suggested that TRN is the attentional searchlight of the brain (Crick, 1984) and a key component of a larger network including the prefrontal cortex and thalam ...
... of consciousness (Pinault, 2004; Fuentealba and Steriade, 2005; Steriade, 2005). Because of its unique placement and physiology, it has been suggested that TRN is the attentional searchlight of the brain (Crick, 1984) and a key component of a larger network including the prefrontal cortex and thalam ...
Cross-modal Circuitry Between Auditory and
... phenomenon will provide insight not only into the incidence of this particular pattern of sensory convergence, but will also contribute to our understanding of the basic principles of multisensory convergence and integration in general. The anterior ectosylvian sulcus (AES) is one of but a few corti ...
... phenomenon will provide insight not only into the incidence of this particular pattern of sensory convergence, but will also contribute to our understanding of the basic principles of multisensory convergence and integration in general. The anterior ectosylvian sulcus (AES) is one of but a few corti ...
Connectome
A connectome is a comprehensive map of neural connections in the brain, and may be thought of as its ""wiring diagram"". More broadly, a connectome would include the mapping of all neural connections within an organism's nervous system.The production and study of connectomes, known as connectomics, may range in scale from a detailed map of the full set of neurons and synapses within part or all of the nervous system of an organism to a macro scale description of the functional and structural connectivity between all cortical areas and subcortical structures. The term ""connectome"" is used primarily in scientific efforts to capture, map, and understand the organization of neural interactions within the brain.Research has successfully constructed the full connectome of one animal: the roundworm C. elegans (White et al., 1986, Varshney et al., 2011). Partial connectomes of a mouse retina and mouse primary visual cortex have also been successfully constructed. Bock et al.'s complete 12TB data set is publicly available at Open Connectome Project.The ultimate goal of connectomics is to map the human brain. This effort is pursued by the Human Connectome Project, sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, whose focus is to build a network map of the human brain in healthy, living adults.