The role of the C8 proton of ATP in the catalysis of shikimate kinase
... acid [6]. SK (EC 2.7.1.71), the fifth enzyme in the shikimate biosynthetic pathway, catalyzes phosphate transfer from ATP to the 3-hydroxy group of shikimate, forming shikimate-3-phosphate. Adenylate kinases (AKs) contribute to the homeostasis of adenine nucleotides by maintaining intracellular nucl ...
... acid [6]. SK (EC 2.7.1.71), the fifth enzyme in the shikimate biosynthetic pathway, catalyzes phosphate transfer from ATP to the 3-hydroxy group of shikimate, forming shikimate-3-phosphate. Adenylate kinases (AKs) contribute to the homeostasis of adenine nucleotides by maintaining intracellular nucl ...
Intragenic Revertants of Yeast Invertase Variants with Secretion-Defective Leader Sequences.
... produced invertase with a lower mobility than that found in the suc2438 strain, yet this invertase ran faster and was less diffuse than the glycosylated invertase found in a SUC2 control. In all cases, the heteroallelic diploid strains had a novel form of invertase that was absent from both the hapl ...
... produced invertase with a lower mobility than that found in the suc2438 strain, yet this invertase ran faster and was less diffuse than the glycosylated invertase found in a SUC2 control. In all cases, the heteroallelic diploid strains had a novel form of invertase that was absent from both the hapl ...
Molecular Genetic Analysis of Phototropism in
... function by mediating light-dependent redox reactions. Crys also mainly localize in the nucleus (Fig. 2), and control the expression of a number of genes under blue light conditions (reviewed by Jiao et al. 2007). Genetic studies have indicated that phys and crys function positively in phototropism. ...
... function by mediating light-dependent redox reactions. Crys also mainly localize in the nucleus (Fig. 2), and control the expression of a number of genes under blue light conditions (reviewed by Jiao et al. 2007). Genetic studies have indicated that phys and crys function positively in phototropism. ...
Therapeutic targeting of autophagy in neurodegenerative and
... of these participate in two ubiquitin-like conjugation reactions. The first involves ATG12 conjugation to ATG5. This ATG12–ATG5 conjugate binds noncovalently with ATG16L1 to form a complex essential for phagophore expansion (Rubinsztein et al., 2012a). These complexes are localized to the phagophore ...
... of these participate in two ubiquitin-like conjugation reactions. The first involves ATG12 conjugation to ATG5. This ATG12–ATG5 conjugate binds noncovalently with ATG16L1 to form a complex essential for phagophore expansion (Rubinsztein et al., 2012a). These complexes are localized to the phagophore ...
Glucosamine-Induced Insulin Resistance in Primary Rat
... 142g/day (Felig, Marliss et al. 1969; Gottstein 1979). The second reason for regulating glucose concentration is that glucose is toxic. The amount of glucose in the bloodstream is tightly regulated by actions of insulin and glucagon during fed and fasting states (Flakoll PJ 2000). Insulin, a hormon ...
... 142g/day (Felig, Marliss et al. 1969; Gottstein 1979). The second reason for regulating glucose concentration is that glucose is toxic. The amount of glucose in the bloodstream is tightly regulated by actions of insulin and glucagon during fed and fasting states (Flakoll PJ 2000). Insulin, a hormon ...
Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Physiology and Metabolism by
... the 5⬘-flanking sequence conveys the selectivity of binding between different PPAR isotypes (Juge-Aubry et al., 1997). Functional PPREs have been found in regulatory regions of genes involved in lipid and glucose homeostasis, inflammation, wound healing, cell proliferation, and differentiation. The ...
... the 5⬘-flanking sequence conveys the selectivity of binding between different PPAR isotypes (Juge-Aubry et al., 1997). Functional PPREs have been found in regulatory regions of genes involved in lipid and glucose homeostasis, inflammation, wound healing, cell proliferation, and differentiation. The ...
Cell Biology - Models NF
... IKK KO -- born alive but died shortly after birth. Showed severe muscular and skeletal defects. Had normal activation of NF-kB following proinflammatory stimuli. IKK KO -- embryonic lethality (similar to the p65 KO ...
... IKK KO -- born alive but died shortly after birth. Showed severe muscular and skeletal defects. Had normal activation of NF-kB following proinflammatory stimuli. IKK KO -- embryonic lethality (similar to the p65 KO ...
Enzymes responsible for chlorate reduction by Pseudomonas sp
... Received 2 February 2005; received in revised form 29 April 2005; accepted 1 May 2005 First published online 17 May 2005 Edited by S. Silver ...
... Received 2 February 2005; received in revised form 29 April 2005; accepted 1 May 2005 First published online 17 May 2005 Edited by S. Silver ...
General principles of cellular organization in the genome
... the general principles underlying these basic functional aspects of a cell is a key part on the way to comprehensively understand cellular life. In recent years systematic analysis of the individual “omes” has been facilitated via dramatically advancing analytical high-throughput techniques. This op ...
... the general principles underlying these basic functional aspects of a cell is a key part on the way to comprehensively understand cellular life. In recent years systematic analysis of the individual “omes” has been facilitated via dramatically advancing analytical high-throughput techniques. This op ...
The Unusual Binding Properties of the Third Distinct Teleost
... other ERs in the conserved domains of the molecule. However, there are several significant amino acid changes in these domains that are shared by all of the cloned ERas (17). These amino acids may have functional significance that distinguish ERa from ER␣ and ERb. Several of these diagnostic resi ...
... other ERs in the conserved domains of the molecule. However, there are several significant amino acid changes in these domains that are shared by all of the cloned ERas (17). These amino acids may have functional significance that distinguish ERa from ER␣ and ERb. Several of these diagnostic resi ...
Negative regulators of integrin activity - Journal of Cell Science
... integrin does not require tyrosine phosphorylation of the integrin NPxY motif. By contrast, the talin–integrin interaction is inhibited by tyrosine phosphorylation (Anthis et al., 2009; Oxley et al., 2008). At least 17 PTB domain proteins interact with integrin-b tails (Calderwood et al., 2003). The ...
... integrin does not require tyrosine phosphorylation of the integrin NPxY motif. By contrast, the talin–integrin interaction is inhibited by tyrosine phosphorylation (Anthis et al., 2009; Oxley et al., 2008). At least 17 PTB domain proteins interact with integrin-b tails (Calderwood et al., 2003). The ...
Partial Purifiaction of β-1,3-glucan synthases and
... membrane bound granule in the cytosol of Euglena where most plant and fungal β-1,3-glucan synthases are cell membrane bound highly regulated multifunctional complexes, synthesizing β-1,3-glucan as cell wall components. Due to the novel granular nature of paramylon, expression in other systems with g ...
... membrane bound granule in the cytosol of Euglena where most plant and fungal β-1,3-glucan synthases are cell membrane bound highly regulated multifunctional complexes, synthesizing β-1,3-glucan as cell wall components. Due to the novel granular nature of paramylon, expression in other systems with g ...
What recent ribosome structures have revealed
... precise positioning of the start codon in the P site requires the binding of a special initiator fMet-tRNAfMet and three initiation factors, IF1–3. However, exactly how the correct tRNA is selected remains unclear, as are the roles of the various factors. A probable first step in initiation is the b ...
... precise positioning of the start codon in the P site requires the binding of a special initiator fMet-tRNAfMet and three initiation factors, IF1–3. However, exactly how the correct tRNA is selected remains unclear, as are the roles of the various factors. A probable first step in initiation is the b ...
DISCOVERY OF ENZYMES RESPONSIBLE FOR AN ALTERNATE
... inhibited by hymeglusin, a specific inhibitor of bacterial and eukaryotic HMGCS, with experimentally determined Ki of 570 ± 120 nM and kinact of 17 ± 3 min-1. Hymeglusin also prevents the growth of H. volcanii cells in vivo suggesting the essentiality of the enzyme and the mevalonate pathway in the ...
... inhibited by hymeglusin, a specific inhibitor of bacterial and eukaryotic HMGCS, with experimentally determined Ki of 570 ± 120 nM and kinact of 17 ± 3 min-1. Hymeglusin also prevents the growth of H. volcanii cells in vivo suggesting the essentiality of the enzyme and the mevalonate pathway in the ...
Substrate specificity and inhibitors of LRRK2, a protein kinase
... included to allow identification of kinases that possess a requirement for priming phosphorylation events. All other positions contain an equimolar degenerate mixture of natural amino acids (except serine, threonine and cysteine). Recombinant LRRK2[G2019S] or kinase-inactive LRRK2[D2017A] was used t ...
... included to allow identification of kinases that possess a requirement for priming phosphorylation events. All other positions contain an equimolar degenerate mixture of natural amino acids (except serine, threonine and cysteine). Recombinant LRRK2[G2019S] or kinase-inactive LRRK2[D2017A] was used t ...
REVIEWS - Unisciel
... of Z-line titin contain a binding site for telethonin (also known as T-cap), which is a small protein that is involved in cellular signalling mechanisms 24,30. Adjacent to the telethonin/T-cap site, there is a differentially spliced unique sequence that has a repeated motif of ~45 residues. These ‘Z ...
... of Z-line titin contain a binding site for telethonin (also known as T-cap), which is a small protein that is involved in cellular signalling mechanisms 24,30. Adjacent to the telethonin/T-cap site, there is a differentially spliced unique sequence that has a repeated motif of ~45 residues. These ‘Z ...
The C-terminal domain of the Rhizobium leguminosarum
... in the presence of hesperetin. Derivatives of pIJ1089 and pIJ1887 containing TnphoA were transferred to R. leguminosarum strain 8401 by conjugation. NodC–PhoA fusions expressing high levels of alkaline phosphatase could be identified in R. leguminosarum on plates containing hesperetin to induce nod ...
... in the presence of hesperetin. Derivatives of pIJ1089 and pIJ1887 containing TnphoA were transferred to R. leguminosarum strain 8401 by conjugation. NodC–PhoA fusions expressing high levels of alkaline phosphatase could be identified in R. leguminosarum on plates containing hesperetin to induce nod ...
Golgins and GTPases, giving identity and structure to the Golgi
... Bicaudal-D1 and Bicaudal-D2 have recently been shown to localize to the trans-Golgi through their interaction with Rab6 [37,38]. In addition, the Bicaudal-D proteins interact with dynactin, an adaptor for the microtubule-based, minusend directed motor protein dynein [39]. Given that the Golgi appara ...
... Bicaudal-D1 and Bicaudal-D2 have recently been shown to localize to the trans-Golgi through their interaction with Rab6 [37,38]. In addition, the Bicaudal-D proteins interact with dynactin, an adaptor for the microtubule-based, minusend directed motor protein dynein [39]. Given that the Golgi appara ...
Phosphorylation of the F1Fo ATP Synthase Я Subunit
... OSCP,12,14 c,14 and g,12 in a broad range of species. Phosphorylation has been correlated to dimerization of the ATP synthase complex in yeast (subunit g)12 and in heart (␥ subunit),17 but there is currently no evidence that phosphorylation of ATP regulates any aspect of the complex. Regulation of ...
... OSCP,12,14 c,14 and g,12 in a broad range of species. Phosphorylation has been correlated to dimerization of the ATP synthase complex in yeast (subunit g)12 and in heart (␥ subunit),17 but there is currently no evidence that phosphorylation of ATP regulates any aspect of the complex. Regulation of ...
Queuosine formation in eukaryotic tRNA occurs via a mitochondria
... amino acid) but the region is rich in glutamate, aspartate and serine and occurs at the end of a putative α-helix at the border of secondary structure elements; features typical of a leucine-rich export signal (28, 29). An insertion of 41 amino acids in Qv0 and Qv1 is seen relative to the TGT protei ...
... amino acid) but the region is rich in glutamate, aspartate and serine and occurs at the end of a putative α-helix at the border of secondary structure elements; features typical of a leucine-rich export signal (28, 29). An insertion of 41 amino acids in Qv0 and Qv1 is seen relative to the TGT protei ...
ASD v2.0: updated content and novel features
... patch-clamp fluorometry (20) and electrophysiology (21) create plenty of opportunities to recognize novel allosteric molecules, leading to an explosive growth in the number of allosteric proteins and allosteric modulators. Intrinsically, the allosteric regulation of proteins is triggered by the bindi ...
... patch-clamp fluorometry (20) and electrophysiology (21) create plenty of opportunities to recognize novel allosteric molecules, leading to an explosive growth in the number of allosteric proteins and allosteric modulators. Intrinsically, the allosteric regulation of proteins is triggered by the bindi ...
Functional genomics analysis of the effects of co- decarboxylase/ornithine decarboxylase
... PfAdoMetDC/ODC with DFMO and MDL73811. The physiological effects during the resulting cytostasis were studied with a comprehensive functional genomics approach. The study was preceded by various assays to determine the treatment dosage that would result in complete cytostasis, without non-specific c ...
... PfAdoMetDC/ODC with DFMO and MDL73811. The physiological effects during the resulting cytostasis were studied with a comprehensive functional genomics approach. The study was preceded by various assays to determine the treatment dosage that would result in complete cytostasis, without non-specific c ...
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
... Microbial Cell Factories, May 2012;11(1):55 2. Aggregation of the neuroblastoma-associated mutant (S120G) of the human nucleoside diphosphate kinase-A/NM23-H1 into amyloid fibrils Georgescauld F, Sabaté R, Espargaró A, Ventura S, Chaignepain S, Lacombe ML, Lascu I Naunyn Schmiedeberg’s Archives of P ...
... Microbial Cell Factories, May 2012;11(1):55 2. Aggregation of the neuroblastoma-associated mutant (S120G) of the human nucleoside diphosphate kinase-A/NM23-H1 into amyloid fibrils Georgescauld F, Sabaté R, Espargaró A, Ventura S, Chaignepain S, Lacombe ML, Lascu I Naunyn Schmiedeberg’s Archives of P ...
E. Coli MurG: A Paradigm for a Superfamily of
... residues. The alignment shows that a relatively small number of residues are invariant across the range of MurG homologs (Fig. (5)). These residues are confined to five different regions, three of which are the glycine-rich loops that are proposed to be involved in binding the diphosphates of the su ...
... residues. The alignment shows that a relatively small number of residues are invariant across the range of MurG homologs (Fig. (5)). These residues are confined to five different regions, three of which are the glycine-rich loops that are proposed to be involved in binding the diphosphates of the su ...
Life and death of transcriptional co
... proteasome system in response to toxic proteins.65 The formation of aggresome is a cellular protective mechanism to sequester Increasing evidence has provided functional implications of cytoplasmic protein aggregates or to deliver them for disposal p300 modification and metabolic stability in epigen ...
... proteasome system in response to toxic proteins.65 The formation of aggresome is a cellular protective mechanism to sequester Increasing evidence has provided functional implications of cytoplasmic protein aggregates or to deliver them for disposal p300 modification and metabolic stability in epigen ...
G protein–coupled receptor
G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptor, and G protein–linked receptors (GPLR), constitute a large protein family of receptors that sense molecules outside the cell and activate inside signal transduction pathways and, ultimately, cellular responses. Coupling with G proteins, they are called seven-transmembrane receptors because they pass through the cell membrane seven times.G protein–coupled receptors are found only in eukaryotes, including yeast, choanoflagellates, and animals. The ligands that bind and activate these receptors include light-sensitive compounds, odors, pheromones, hormones, and neurotransmitters, and vary in size from small molecules to peptides to large proteins. G protein–coupled receptors are involved in many diseases, and are also the target of approximately 40% of all modern medicinal drugs. Two of the United States's top five selling drugs (Hydrocodone and Lisinopril) act by targeting a G protein–coupled receptor. The 2012 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Brian Kobilka and Robert Lefkowitz for their work that was ""crucial for understanding how G protein–coupled receptors function."". There have been at least seven other Nobel Prizes awarded for some aspect of G protein–mediated signaling.There are two principal signal transduction pathways involving the G protein–coupled receptors: the cAMP signal pathway and the phosphatidylinositol signal pathway. When a ligand binds to the GPCR it causes a conformational change in the GPCR, which allows it to act as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF). The GPCR can then activate an associated G protein by exchanging its bound GDP for a GTP. The G protein's α subunit, together with the bound GTP, can then dissociate from the β and γ subunits to further affect intracellular signaling proteins or target functional proteins directly depending on the α subunit type (Gαs, Gαi/o, Gαq/11, Gα12/13).