Carbon metabolism in transgenic roots with altered levels
... This study investigates the capacity of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (oxPPP) and nitrogen metabolism in transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum) roots modified to express different levels of hexokinase (HK) or cytosolic triosephosphate isomerase (cTPI) growing under different nitrogen regime ...
... This study investigates the capacity of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (oxPPP) and nitrogen metabolism in transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum) roots modified to express different levels of hexokinase (HK) or cytosolic triosephosphate isomerase (cTPI) growing under different nitrogen regime ...
The Regulation of Energy Metabolism Pathways
... level that is able to induce changes in the homeostasis of L-carnitine. However, it must be noted that to our knowledge, an acute mildronate treatment does not induce any metabolic or gene expression changes, and therefore, long-term treatment (at least 10-14 days) is necessary to achieve regulatory ...
... level that is able to induce changes in the homeostasis of L-carnitine. However, it must be noted that to our knowledge, an acute mildronate treatment does not induce any metabolic or gene expression changes, and therefore, long-term treatment (at least 10-14 days) is necessary to achieve regulatory ...
Document
... molecules are broken down in a series of steps Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to NAD, a coenzyme As an electron acceptor, NAD functions as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration Each NADH (the reduced form of NAD) represents stored energy that is tapp ...
... molecules are broken down in a series of steps Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to NAD, a coenzyme As an electron acceptor, NAD functions as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration Each NADH (the reduced form of NAD) represents stored energy that is tapp ...
The effect of short chain fatty acids on glucose homeostasis
... Veal calves, in contrast to ruminating calves, are kept on milk replacer diets until slaughter to achieve a high energy intake, high growth rates and pale and tender meat (Doppenberg and Palmquist, 1991). Nowadays it is mandatory to additionally supply roughages to veal calves (IKB, 2008). This impr ...
... Veal calves, in contrast to ruminating calves, are kept on milk replacer diets until slaughter to achieve a high energy intake, high growth rates and pale and tender meat (Doppenberg and Palmquist, 1991). Nowadays it is mandatory to additionally supply roughages to veal calves (IKB, 2008). This impr ...
Haem biosynthesis and excretion of porphyrins
... The naturally occurring porphyrins all have side-chains on the carbon atoms of the pyrrole rings. The porphyrin isomers differ in the arrangement of the side-chain substituents (e.g. acetyl and propionyl in uroporphyrins; methyl and propionyl in coproporphyrins). Water solubility of porphyrins is fa ...
... The naturally occurring porphyrins all have side-chains on the carbon atoms of the pyrrole rings. The porphyrin isomers differ in the arrangement of the side-chain substituents (e.g. acetyl and propionyl in uroporphyrins; methyl and propionyl in coproporphyrins). Water solubility of porphyrins is fa ...
Nitrogen source governs the patterns of growth and
... reaction catalysed by glutamate synthase (GOGAT) is able to convert glutamine into glutamate (Schreier, 1993 ; Reitzer, 1996). Central nitrogen metabolism in Streptomyces is not well characterized and its regulation is still under investigation (Shapiro et al., 1985 ; Brana et al., 1986). The genera ...
... reaction catalysed by glutamate synthase (GOGAT) is able to convert glutamine into glutamate (Schreier, 1993 ; Reitzer, 1996). Central nitrogen metabolism in Streptomyces is not well characterized and its regulation is still under investigation (Shapiro et al., 1985 ; Brana et al., 1986). The genera ...
Lipid and fatty acid metabolism in Ralstonia eutropha: relevance for
... origins of both the phaJ and phaG genes used in genetic engineering of this type are typically Pseudomonas species (Hoffmann et al. 2000, Matsumoto et al. 2001, Davis et al. 2008, Budde et al. 2011b, Sato et al. 2011). However, native phaJ genes have been identified and characterized in wild-type R. ...
... origins of both the phaJ and phaG genes used in genetic engineering of this type are typically Pseudomonas species (Hoffmann et al. 2000, Matsumoto et al. 2001, Davis et al. 2008, Budde et al. 2011b, Sato et al. 2011). However, native phaJ genes have been identified and characterized in wild-type R. ...
1 High resolution metabolomics with acyl
... remain unknown. We reasoned that under such a condition, a dynamic response involving alterations in acyl-CoA levels along with the rest of the metabolome may be observed. This remodeling could also be associated with acyl-carnitine metabolism that often serves as both a readout of acyl-CoA metaboli ...
... remain unknown. We reasoned that under such a condition, a dynamic response involving alterations in acyl-CoA levels along with the rest of the metabolome may be observed. This remodeling could also be associated with acyl-carnitine metabolism that often serves as both a readout of acyl-CoA metaboli ...
principles of metabolic regulation: glucose and glycogen
... different from the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds by amylase during intestinal degradation of dietary glycogen and starch. In phosphorolysis, some of the energy of the glycosidic bond is preserved in the formation of the phosphate ester, glucose 1-phosphate. Pyridoxal phosphate is an essential cofac ...
... different from the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds by amylase during intestinal degradation of dietary glycogen and starch. In phosphorolysis, some of the energy of the glycosidic bond is preserved in the formation of the phosphate ester, glucose 1-phosphate. Pyridoxal phosphate is an essential cofac ...
Purification and characterization of pyruvate decarboxylase from
... effectors, but rather by increasing the amount of protein synthesized. From a previous study using crude extract from cells of S.ventriculi, the K , for pyruvate of pyruvate dehydrogenase was 2.5 mM (Lowe & Zeikus, 1991). As this enzyme has a much higher affinity for pyruvate than does pyruvate deca ...
... effectors, but rather by increasing the amount of protein synthesized. From a previous study using crude extract from cells of S.ventriculi, the K , for pyruvate of pyruvate dehydrogenase was 2.5 mM (Lowe & Zeikus, 1991). As this enzyme has a much higher affinity for pyruvate than does pyruvate deca ...
Nutrient Sensing through the Plasma Membrane of Eukaryotic Cells
... Degradation of Mth1 (and Std1) is the key event that enables derepression of HXT gene expression. Mth1 and Std1 are marked for degradation in the proteasome (V. Brachet, unpublished work) by their ubiquitination, catalysed by the SCFGrr1 ubiquitin-protein ligase [19]. Proteins must be phosphorylated ...
... Degradation of Mth1 (and Std1) is the key event that enables derepression of HXT gene expression. Mth1 and Std1 are marked for degradation in the proteasome (V. Brachet, unpublished work) by their ubiquitination, catalysed by the SCFGrr1 ubiquitin-protein ligase [19]. Proteins must be phosphorylated ...
lipids and thyroid hormones - Deep Blue
... cytochrome a contents per g protein in whole cell homogenates and in purified mitochondria, with stereological micrographic analyses of liver cells and mitochondria, have compared hypothyroids and normals, and used a prolonged T4-treatment (doses every other day for 21 days). 277 Hypothyroidism sele ...
... cytochrome a contents per g protein in whole cell homogenates and in purified mitochondria, with stereological micrographic analyses of liver cells and mitochondria, have compared hypothyroids and normals, and used a prolonged T4-treatment (doses every other day for 21 days). 277 Hypothyroidism sele ...
추가8
... Section 8.2: Gluconeogenesis Gluconeogenesis Substrates Three of the most important substrates for gluconeogenesis are: 1. Lactate—released by skeletal muscle from the Cori cycle After transfer to the liver lactate is converted to pyruvate, then to glucose 2. Glycerol—a product of fat metaboli ...
... Section 8.2: Gluconeogenesis Gluconeogenesis Substrates Three of the most important substrates for gluconeogenesis are: 1. Lactate—released by skeletal muscle from the Cori cycle After transfer to the liver lactate is converted to pyruvate, then to glucose 2. Glycerol—a product of fat metaboli ...
Sports Nutrition Manual
... If the supply of this newly ingested glucose is too high, it raises the blood sugar level. The excess glucose must be eliminated from the bloodstream. The pancreas houses the hormone insulin. When the blood sugar reaches increasing levels, insulin is released to transport and/or make available the e ...
... If the supply of this newly ingested glucose is too high, it raises the blood sugar level. The excess glucose must be eliminated from the bloodstream. The pancreas houses the hormone insulin. When the blood sugar reaches increasing levels, insulin is released to transport and/or make available the e ...
The metabolism of glucose by Pseudomonas aeruginosa
... particular should be mentioned the use of ion exchange and paper chromatography, the use of radioactive Isotopes such as carbon li}. and the use of spectrophotometry. Bacteria, because of the ease with which they may be grown, offer particular promise for the study of these newer metabolic pathways, ...
... particular should be mentioned the use of ion exchange and paper chromatography, the use of radioactive Isotopes such as carbon li}. and the use of spectrophotometry. Bacteria, because of the ease with which they may be grown, offer particular promise for the study of these newer metabolic pathways, ...
Cloning and Expression of Bovine Sodium/Glucose Cotransporters* J. Dairy Sci. 88:182–194
... The Na -dependent glucose cotransporters (SGLT) are a family of glucose transporters that mediate an active, sodium-linked transport process against an electrochemical gradient. The SGLT are known to play important roles in absorption of dietary D-glucose and D-galactose from the intestinal lumen an ...
... The Na -dependent glucose cotransporters (SGLT) are a family of glucose transporters that mediate an active, sodium-linked transport process against an electrochemical gradient. The SGLT are known to play important roles in absorption of dietary D-glucose and D-galactose from the intestinal lumen an ...
Environmental enteric dysfunction is associated with carnitine
... cryovials within 4 h of blood drawing. Cryovials were transferred to storage at − 80 °C until time of analysis. All experimental samples were prepared and analyzed in a masked fashion. Samples were sent in a random order and were prepared at Metabolon, Inc. (Durham, NC) as described elsewhere (Evans ...
... cryovials within 4 h of blood drawing. Cryovials were transferred to storage at − 80 °C until time of analysis. All experimental samples were prepared and analyzed in a masked fashion. Samples were sent in a random order and were prepared at Metabolon, Inc. (Durham, NC) as described elsewhere (Evans ...
Fritz Lipmann - Nobel Lecture
... In this extract likewise acetyl phosphate was unable to replace the ATPacetate as acetyl precursor. ...
... In this extract likewise acetyl phosphate was unable to replace the ATPacetate as acetyl precursor. ...
Nonenzymatic glycolysis and pentose phosphate
... Figure 1. Non-enzymatic sugar phosphate interconversions in a plausible Archean ocean environment reproduce reactions from glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). A Spontaneous reactivity of glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathway sugar phosphate intermediates as observed in water. One ...
... Figure 1. Non-enzymatic sugar phosphate interconversions in a plausible Archean ocean environment reproduce reactions from glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). A Spontaneous reactivity of glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathway sugar phosphate intermediates as observed in water. One ...
Role of adiponectin in the regulation of carbohydrate and lipid
... which leads to the inhibition of ACC activity followed by a decrease in malonylCoA levels (36). Adiponectin-dependent AMPK activation in skeletal muscle was associated with an increase in ACC phosphorylation and a decrease in the concentration of malonyl-CoA (28, 31). Malonyl-CoA is an allosteric in ...
... which leads to the inhibition of ACC activity followed by a decrease in malonylCoA levels (36). Adiponectin-dependent AMPK activation in skeletal muscle was associated with an increase in ACC phosphorylation and a decrease in the concentration of malonyl-CoA (28, 31). Malonyl-CoA is an allosteric in ...
Presentation 2013-201307040352
... response to pressure overload–induced hypertrophy, these metabolic shifts are thought to be protective. ...
... response to pressure overload–induced hypertrophy, these metabolic shifts are thought to be protective. ...
mammalian hibernation: biochemical adaptation
... Another futile form of ATP turnover that supports thermogenesis occurs in bumblebees, which must also heat their flight muscles before take-off. Here, a futile hydrolysis of ATP occurs from the unregulated function of two enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism: the ATP-dependent 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase ...
... Another futile form of ATP turnover that supports thermogenesis occurs in bumblebees, which must also heat their flight muscles before take-off. Here, a futile hydrolysis of ATP occurs from the unregulated function of two enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism: the ATP-dependent 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase ...
2 Pyruvate
... In that case, glycolysis couples with fermentation or anaerobic respiration to produce ATP ...
... In that case, glycolysis couples with fermentation or anaerobic respiration to produce ATP ...
Nature template
... Computation of elementary flux modes Elementary flux modes analysis was performed using METATOOL6,7. By defining the stoichiometries of a metabolic network, all possible distinct routes by which substrates can flow through the network are described and all feasible metabolic conversions can be descr ...
... Computation of elementary flux modes Elementary flux modes analysis was performed using METATOOL6,7. By defining the stoichiometries of a metabolic network, all possible distinct routes by which substrates can flow through the network are described and all feasible metabolic conversions can be descr ...
20 Insulin Secretion and Action
... defects is that in most cases, they do not immediately manifest themselves but occur after a considerable latent period in childhood or young adulthood, suggesting that other insults during postnatal growth must cooperate with the genetic defects to result in the clinical phenotype. Besides genetic ...
... defects is that in most cases, they do not immediately manifest themselves but occur after a considerable latent period in childhood or young adulthood, suggesting that other insults during postnatal growth must cooperate with the genetic defects to result in the clinical phenotype. Besides genetic ...
Glyceroneogenesis
Glyceroneogenesis is a metabolic pathway which synthesizes glycerol 3-phosphate or triglyceride from precursors other than glucose. Usually glycerol 3-phosphate is generated from glucose by glycolysis, but when glucose concentration drops in the cytosol, it is generated by another pathway called glyceroneogenesis. Glyceroneogenesis uses pyruvate, alanine, glutamine or any substances from the TCA cycle as precursors for glycerol 3-phophate. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPC-K), which is an enzyme that catalyses the decarboxylation of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate is the main regulator for this pathway. Glyceroneogenesis can be observed in adipose tissue and also liver. It is a significant biochemical pathway which regulates cytosolic lipid levels. Intense suppression of glyceroneogenesis may lead to metabolic disorder such as type 2 diabetes.