The Michelson Interferometer
... increase and decrease as successive interference maxima and minima are experienced. Counting the number ∆m of consecutive bright or dark patterns allows the change in path length ∆d to be calculated as 2 ∆d = λ∆m . ...
... increase and decrease as successive interference maxima and minima are experienced. Counting the number ∆m of consecutive bright or dark patterns allows the change in path length ∆d to be calculated as 2 ∆d = λ∆m . ...
Chapter 23: Electromagnetic waves What will we learn in this chapter?
... Characteristics of EM waves in vacuum Conditions a EM wave has to fulfill: The wave is transverse, i.e., both E and B are perpendicular to the direction of propagation and to each other. There is a definite ratio between the magnitudes: E = cB The wave travels in vacuum with a constant speed c. The ...
... Characteristics of EM waves in vacuum Conditions a EM wave has to fulfill: The wave is transverse, i.e., both E and B are perpendicular to the direction of propagation and to each other. There is a definite ratio between the magnitudes: E = cB The wave travels in vacuum with a constant speed c. The ...
Chapter 23: Electromagnetic waves What will we learn in this chapter?
... Characteristics of EM waves in vacuum Conditions a EM wave has to fulfill: The wave is transverse, i.e., both E and B are perpendicular to the direction of propagation and to each other. There is a definite ratio between the magnitudes: E = cB The wave travels in vacuum with a constant speed c. The ...
... Characteristics of EM waves in vacuum Conditions a EM wave has to fulfill: The wave is transverse, i.e., both E and B are perpendicular to the direction of propagation and to each other. There is a definite ratio between the magnitudes: E = cB The wave travels in vacuum with a constant speed c. The ...
Module 6
... The observed aberration of star light serves as a nice example of light aberration. Based on the observed orientations of their telescopes in viewing certain stars at different times, astronomers knew that the light was undergoing aberration. The mechanism for the aberration was not understood. Newt ...
... The observed aberration of star light serves as a nice example of light aberration. Based on the observed orientations of their telescopes in viewing certain stars at different times, astronomers knew that the light was undergoing aberration. The mechanism for the aberration was not understood. Newt ...
Optical Mineralogy: Introduction
... with the orientation of the crystal relative to the direction of incident light, and their vibration velocity will therefore vary with this variation in orientation. The maximum or ...
... with the orientation of the crystal relative to the direction of incident light, and their vibration velocity will therefore vary with this variation in orientation. The maximum or ...
CHAPTER 2: Special Theory of Relativity
... The Set-up Twins Mary and Frank at age 30 decide on two career paths: Mary decides to become an astronaut and to leave on a trip 8 lightyears (ly) from the Earth at a great speed and to return; Frank decides to reside on the Earth. The Problem Upon Mary’s return, Frank reasons that her clocks measur ...
... The Set-up Twins Mary and Frank at age 30 decide on two career paths: Mary decides to become an astronaut and to leave on a trip 8 lightyears (ly) from the Earth at a great speed and to return; Frank decides to reside on the Earth. The Problem Upon Mary’s return, Frank reasons that her clocks measur ...
Light Rays FACILITATOR NOTES
... Repeat the process for question 3 and 4, helping everyone to understand that each movement of the mirror increases both the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection, so both the angular displacement and the angular speed of the light beam are double that of the mirror itself. Note: The activit ...
... Repeat the process for question 3 and 4, helping everyone to understand that each movement of the mirror increases both the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection, so both the angular displacement and the angular speed of the light beam are double that of the mirror itself. Note: The activit ...
Lecture 1/ Chapter 1/ Measurements
... - HW 8 due today - HW 9 given out In chapter 34, we considered the propagation of light along a straight path Ray Optics”. However we learned in chapter 33, that light is an electromagnetic wave. This means that it must undergo interference and diffraction just like a mechanical wave. In this chap ...
... - HW 8 due today - HW 9 given out In chapter 34, we considered the propagation of light along a straight path Ray Optics”. However we learned in chapter 33, that light is an electromagnetic wave. This means that it must undergo interference and diffraction just like a mechanical wave. In this chap ...
Focal length
... Optics relating to Telescopes, Lenses and Mirrors Types of Telescopes and their advantages Focal Length and Focal Ratio Types of Eyepieces and their advantages Magnification and Apparent Field of View Types of Astronomical Mounts and their uses Types of Finders and their uses Filters and their uses ...
... Optics relating to Telescopes, Lenses and Mirrors Types of Telescopes and their advantages Focal Length and Focal Ratio Types of Eyepieces and their advantages Magnification and Apparent Field of View Types of Astronomical Mounts and their uses Types of Finders and their uses Filters and their uses ...
Section 6
... Maxwell’s four equations are powerful stuff. But the story does not end there. Light has a very specific band of wavelengths. Blue light has a wavelength of 450 nm (nanometers) 450 x 10-9 m and red light has a wavelength of 700 nm. Maxwell tried to find out why light was restricted to this range of ...
... Maxwell’s four equations are powerful stuff. But the story does not end there. Light has a very specific band of wavelengths. Blue light has a wavelength of 450 nm (nanometers) 450 x 10-9 m and red light has a wavelength of 700 nm. Maxwell tried to find out why light was restricted to this range of ...
Relativistic Effects - The Physics of Bruce Harvey
... The mass increase Nature conveniently provided early experimenters with high speed electrons emitted from radioactive isotopes. To try to find out what the "radiation" consisted of, experiments were devised to measure both the mass and electric charge of these particles. Results were inconsistent un ...
... The mass increase Nature conveniently provided early experimenters with high speed electrons emitted from radioactive isotopes. To try to find out what the "radiation" consisted of, experiments were devised to measure both the mass and electric charge of these particles. Results were inconsistent un ...
Ch33
... The Index of Refraction • Light waves travel with speed c in a vacuum, but they slow down as they pass through transparent materials such as water or glass or even, to a very slight extent, air. • The speed of light in a material is characterized by the material’s index of refraction n, defined as ...
... The Index of Refraction • Light waves travel with speed c in a vacuum, but they slow down as they pass through transparent materials such as water or glass or even, to a very slight extent, air. • The speed of light in a material is characterized by the material’s index of refraction n, defined as ...
Light and Telescopes
... So – any telescope can get any magnification! You just need a very short focal length eyepiece to get 1000 X. However, you are limited by the atmosphere and the quality of your optics. For a 6-inch diameter telescope, the effective maximum magnification is about 150 X. ...
... So – any telescope can get any magnification! You just need a very short focal length eyepiece to get 1000 X. However, you are limited by the atmosphere and the quality of your optics. For a 6-inch diameter telescope, the effective maximum magnification is about 150 X. ...
Waves - Atlanta Public Schools
... c. slower. Answer questions 35 – 37 based on the wave-form below. The wave was produced when a student sings a tune for 0.03 seconds. Assume the speed of sound in air is 320 m/s. 35.How many full waves are there? a. 11 b. 12 c. 13 d. 6 36.What is the waves frequency? a. 400 hz b. 366 hz c. 120 hz d. ...
... c. slower. Answer questions 35 – 37 based on the wave-form below. The wave was produced when a student sings a tune for 0.03 seconds. Assume the speed of sound in air is 320 m/s. 35.How many full waves are there? a. 11 b. 12 c. 13 d. 6 36.What is the waves frequency? a. 400 hz b. 366 hz c. 120 hz d. ...
Refractive Index Measurement Principle - K
... This ratio is the relative refractive index between the two media (n). As the absolute refractive indexes (relative to vacuum) of the media are: ...
... This ratio is the relative refractive index between the two media (n). As the absolute refractive indexes (relative to vacuum) of the media are: ...
Speed of light
The speed of light in vacuum, commonly denoted c, is a universal physical constant important in many areas of physics. Its value is exactly 7008299792458000000♠299792458 metres per second (≈7008300000000000000♠3.00×108 m/s), as the length of the metre is defined from this constant and the international standard for time. According to special relativity, c is the maximum speed at which all matter and information in the universe can travel. It is the speed at which all massless particles and changes of the associated fields (including electromagnetic radiation such as light and gravitational waves) travel in vacuum. Such particles and waves travel at c regardless of the motion of the source or the inertial reference frame of the observer. In the theory of relativity, c interrelates space and time, and also appears in the famous equation of mass–energy equivalence E = mc2.The speed at which light propagates through transparent materials, such as glass or air, is less than c; similarly, the speed of radio waves in wire cables is slower than c. The ratio between c and the speed v at which light travels in a material is called the refractive index n of the material (n = c / v). For example, for visible light the refractive index of glass is typically around 1.5, meaning that light in glass travels at c / 1.5 ≈ 7008200000000000000♠200000 km/s; the refractive index of air for visible light is about 1.0003, so the speed of light in air is about 7008299700000000000♠299700 km/s (about 7004900000000000000♠90 km/s slower than c).For many practical purposes, light and other electromagnetic waves will appear to propagate instantaneously, but for long distances and very sensitive measurements, their finite speed has noticeable effects. In communicating with distant space probes, it can take minutes to hours for a message to get from Earth to the spacecraft, or vice versa. The light seen from stars left them many years ago, allowing the study of the history of the universe by looking at distant objects. The finite speed of light also limits the theoretical maximum speed of computers, since information must be sent within the computer from chip to chip. The speed of light can be used with time of flight measurements to measure large distances to high precision.Ole Rømer first demonstrated in 1676 that light travels at a finite speed (as opposed to instantaneously) by studying the apparent motion of Jupiter's moon Io. In 1865, James Clerk Maxwell proposed that light was an electromagnetic wave, and therefore travelled at the speed c appearing in his theory of electromagnetism. In 1905, Albert Einstein postulated that the speed of light with respect to any inertial frame is independent of the motion of the light source, and explored the consequences of that postulate by deriving the special theory of relativity and showing that the parameter c had relevance outside of the context of light and electromagnetism. After centuries of increasingly precise measurements, in 1975 the speed of light was known to be 7008299792458000000♠299792458 m/s with a measurement uncertainty of 4 parts per billion. In 1983, the metre was redefined in the International System of Units (SI) as the distance travelled by light in vacuum in 1/7008299792458000000♠299792458 of a second. As a result, the numerical value of c in metres per second is now fixed exactly by the definition of the metre.