Materialanalytik Praktikum Ellipsometry B508
... Figure 2: Reflectance R vs. incidence angle ρ for an air-GaAs interface. The reflectance R differs for the two polarizations. The angle characterized by the minimum in reflectance for Rp is called the “Brewster Angle”. 2.3. Principle of Ellipsometry In Fig. 3 the basic principle of ellipsometry is i ...
... Figure 2: Reflectance R vs. incidence angle ρ for an air-GaAs interface. The reflectance R differs for the two polarizations. The angle characterized by the minimum in reflectance for Rp is called the “Brewster Angle”. 2.3. Principle of Ellipsometry In Fig. 3 the basic principle of ellipsometry is i ...
Optically polarized atoms_Light_Polarization
... Plane-wave approximation: E(r,t) and B(r,t) are uniform in the plane k We will say that light polarization vector is along E(r,t) (although it was along B(r,t) in classic optics literature) Similarly, polarization plane contains E(r,t) and k ...
... Plane-wave approximation: E(r,t) and B(r,t) are uniform in the plane k We will say that light polarization vector is along E(r,t) (although it was along B(r,t) in classic optics literature) Similarly, polarization plane contains E(r,t) and k ...
secon harmonic generation
... optics (2) , (3) , and the non-linear polarizability of the crystal. Recall that in order to have a second order ( (2) ) nonlinearity, the structure of the crystals must lack an inversion symmetry. For these materials, the crystallographic symmetry of these crystals is such that they respond d ...
... optics (2) , (3) , and the non-linear polarizability of the crystal. Recall that in order to have a second order ( (2) ) nonlinearity, the structure of the crystals must lack an inversion symmetry. For these materials, the crystallographic symmetry of these crystals is such that they respond d ...
A transparent material like glass allows light to pass
... beams and these two beams travels in different directions. One of these two beams has a constant velocity in all directions, or this ray of light has an ordinary behavior. This ray is called as the Ordinary ray (O-ray). The other ray of light behaves extra-ordinarily. It has different refractive ind ...
... beams and these two beams travels in different directions. One of these two beams has a constant velocity in all directions, or this ray of light has an ordinary behavior. This ray is called as the Ordinary ray (O-ray). The other ray of light behaves extra-ordinarily. It has different refractive ind ...
3 The concept of diffraction limit
... phy, for optimized ring shaped illumination, the value of l can be as small as 0.36. Thus with NA = 0.9, near-ultraviolet light having the wavelength of λ = 400nm can be focused down to CD ≃ 130nm. For best commercially available immersion objective, NA = 1.4. Hence for l = 0.36,CD = 100nm. Thus at ...
... phy, for optimized ring shaped illumination, the value of l can be as small as 0.36. Thus with NA = 0.9, near-ultraviolet light having the wavelength of λ = 400nm can be focused down to CD ≃ 130nm. For best commercially available immersion objective, NA = 1.4. Hence for l = 0.36,CD = 100nm. Thus at ...
Slowing Down the Speed of Light - The Institute of Optics
... Motivation: Maximum Slow-Light Time Delay “Slow light”: group velocities < 10-6 c ! Proposed applications: controllable optical delay lines optical buffers, true time delay for synthetic aperture radar. Key figure of merit: normalized time delay = total time delay / input pulse duration ≈ informati ...
... Motivation: Maximum Slow-Light Time Delay “Slow light”: group velocities < 10-6 c ! Proposed applications: controllable optical delay lines optical buffers, true time delay for synthetic aperture radar. Key figure of merit: normalized time delay = total time delay / input pulse duration ≈ informati ...
Optically polarized atoms_ch_4
... Need to talk about non-monochromatic light The three-independent light-source model (all three sources have equal average intensity, and emit three orthogonal polarizations Anisotropic light (a light beam) cannot be unpolarized ! ...
... Need to talk about non-monochromatic light The three-independent light-source model (all three sources have equal average intensity, and emit three orthogonal polarizations Anisotropic light (a light beam) cannot be unpolarized ! ...
Physics 30 - Structured Independent Learning
... 33. What distance must an electron move in a uniform potential gradient of 20000 V / m in order to gain a kinetic energy of 3.2 × 10-18 J? (0.001 m) 34. Through what potential difference must an alpha particle be accelerated to give it a velocity of 30 % of the speed of light? (8.4 × 107 V) 35. Duri ...
... 33. What distance must an electron move in a uniform potential gradient of 20000 V / m in order to gain a kinetic energy of 3.2 × 10-18 J? (0.001 m) 34. Through what potential difference must an alpha particle be accelerated to give it a velocity of 30 % of the speed of light? (8.4 × 107 V) 35. Duri ...
Efficiency enhancement in a light
... In a standard planar light emitting diode 共LED兲, the efficiency is limited to several percents by a low light extraction efficiency ex due to the total internal reflection 共TIR兲 at semiconductor/air boundaries. To avoid this problem, processes of epitaxial wafers into particular shapes have been d ...
... In a standard planar light emitting diode 共LED兲, the efficiency is limited to several percents by a low light extraction efficiency ex due to the total internal reflection 共TIR兲 at semiconductor/air boundaries. To avoid this problem, processes of epitaxial wafers into particular shapes have been d ...
File - Mrs. Hille`s FunZone
... line spectrum – distinctly visible lines of color can be seen at specific wavelengths aligned along a scale in a spectrograph ...
... line spectrum – distinctly visible lines of color can be seen at specific wavelengths aligned along a scale in a spectrograph ...
The angle of refraction
... This means that some of the energy from the incident wave has been transferred to the reflected wave (~10%), and the rest to the refracted wave (~90%). The exact amount of energy transferred depends upon how different the two materials on each side of the boundary are. Page 4 ...
... This means that some of the energy from the incident wave has been transferred to the reflected wave (~10%), and the rest to the refracted wave (~90%). The exact amount of energy transferred depends upon how different the two materials on each side of the boundary are. Page 4 ...
Chapter 22: Reflection and Refraction of Light
... For monochromatic light, a larger wavelength will have a smaller index of refraction. So when white light is incident on the surface of a refracting medium, red light will bend less than violet light. Essentially, the red waves of the white light will not slow down less the violet waves, so re ...
... For monochromatic light, a larger wavelength will have a smaller index of refraction. So when white light is incident on the surface of a refracting medium, red light will bend less than violet light. Essentially, the red waves of the white light will not slow down less the violet waves, so re ...
Questacon Wonderworks Teacher Notes
... Newton’s Three laws of motion describe the relationship between the force or forces acting on an object, modelled as a point mass, and the motion of the object due to the application of the force or forces Momentum is a property of moving objects, it is conserved in a closed system and may be transf ...
... Newton’s Three laws of motion describe the relationship between the force or forces acting on an object, modelled as a point mass, and the motion of the object due to the application of the force or forces Momentum is a property of moving objects, it is conserved in a closed system and may be transf ...
Chapter 19 Option H: RELATIVITY
... emitting x-rays. Of course all this is a bit absurd but it does illustrate the fact that the source of all radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum is the accelerated motion of electric charge. ...
... emitting x-rays. Of course all this is a bit absurd but it does illustrate the fact that the source of all radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum is the accelerated motion of electric charge. ...
Measurements at the Speed of Ultrasound
... is no corresponding “optical anemometer,” as is well known to anyone familiar with either the Michelson-Morley experiment or relativity ( c = constant). [1] Before discussing the angle beam bent-ray concept and its use in NDT and PCI flow measurement, let’s take a moment to consider Figure 1 in more ...
... is no corresponding “optical anemometer,” as is well known to anyone familiar with either the Michelson-Morley experiment or relativity ( c = constant). [1] Before discussing the angle beam bent-ray concept and its use in NDT and PCI flow measurement, let’s take a moment to consider Figure 1 in more ...
Vol. 26. Is. 5 - Society for Experimental Mechanics
... The entire event is immersed in a medium that has a refractive index n0. The first wave leaves the starting line, and arrives at point A at time t1. The second wave leaves the start line at the same instant the first wave left. But, this wave is required to pass through a slab of refractive material ...
... The entire event is immersed in a medium that has a refractive index n0. The first wave leaves the starting line, and arrives at point A at time t1. The second wave leaves the start line at the same instant the first wave left. But, this wave is required to pass through a slab of refractive material ...
Speed of light
The speed of light in vacuum, commonly denoted c, is a universal physical constant important in many areas of physics. Its value is exactly 7008299792458000000♠299792458 metres per second (≈7008300000000000000♠3.00×108 m/s), as the length of the metre is defined from this constant and the international standard for time. According to special relativity, c is the maximum speed at which all matter and information in the universe can travel. It is the speed at which all massless particles and changes of the associated fields (including electromagnetic radiation such as light and gravitational waves) travel in vacuum. Such particles and waves travel at c regardless of the motion of the source or the inertial reference frame of the observer. In the theory of relativity, c interrelates space and time, and also appears in the famous equation of mass–energy equivalence E = mc2.The speed at which light propagates through transparent materials, such as glass or air, is less than c; similarly, the speed of radio waves in wire cables is slower than c. The ratio between c and the speed v at which light travels in a material is called the refractive index n of the material (n = c / v). For example, for visible light the refractive index of glass is typically around 1.5, meaning that light in glass travels at c / 1.5 ≈ 7008200000000000000♠200000 km/s; the refractive index of air for visible light is about 1.0003, so the speed of light in air is about 7008299700000000000♠299700 km/s (about 7004900000000000000♠90 km/s slower than c).For many practical purposes, light and other electromagnetic waves will appear to propagate instantaneously, but for long distances and very sensitive measurements, their finite speed has noticeable effects. In communicating with distant space probes, it can take minutes to hours for a message to get from Earth to the spacecraft, or vice versa. The light seen from stars left them many years ago, allowing the study of the history of the universe by looking at distant objects. The finite speed of light also limits the theoretical maximum speed of computers, since information must be sent within the computer from chip to chip. The speed of light can be used with time of flight measurements to measure large distances to high precision.Ole Rømer first demonstrated in 1676 that light travels at a finite speed (as opposed to instantaneously) by studying the apparent motion of Jupiter's moon Io. In 1865, James Clerk Maxwell proposed that light was an electromagnetic wave, and therefore travelled at the speed c appearing in his theory of electromagnetism. In 1905, Albert Einstein postulated that the speed of light with respect to any inertial frame is independent of the motion of the light source, and explored the consequences of that postulate by deriving the special theory of relativity and showing that the parameter c had relevance outside of the context of light and electromagnetism. After centuries of increasingly precise measurements, in 1975 the speed of light was known to be 7008299792458000000♠299792458 m/s with a measurement uncertainty of 4 parts per billion. In 1983, the metre was redefined in the International System of Units (SI) as the distance travelled by light in vacuum in 1/7008299792458000000♠299792458 of a second. As a result, the numerical value of c in metres per second is now fixed exactly by the definition of the metre.