Download Chapter 7B Questions

Chapter 7 B Questions
Somesthetics
Which sensations constitute the somatic sensations?
List the types of sensory receptors of the skin and their adequate stimuli.
The next seven questions can be answered by carefully examining Figure 7-19.
1) What type of sensory information travels in the anterolateral system?
2) Where are the cell bodies of 2nd order neurons of the anterolateral systems located?
3) At what level of the CNS do axons of the anterolateral system cross to the opposite side?
4) What type of sensory information travels in the dorsal column system?
5) Where are the cell bodies of 2nd order neurons of the dorsal column system located?
6) At what level of the CNS do axons of the dorsal column system cross to the opposite side?
7) Where are the third-order neuronal cell bodies of somatosensory systems located?
In which part of the brain is the primary somatosensory cortex located? What is the significance of the
distorted representation of the body surface in this part of the brain (Figure 7-20, p. 208)?
Which of the senses are NOT processed in the somatosensory cortex?
In addition to ligand- and voltage-gated ion channels, what other type of ion channel is important in
sensory transduction?
Where are receptors located which are responsible for proprioception?
What are nociceptors and what is their adequate stimulus?
What is hyperalgesia? Give a personal example where you have experienced hyperalgesia.
Which neuropeptide neurotransmitter is associated with pain?
Explain the anatomy of neuronal connections that is responsible for "referred pain."
During certain situations, it is possible for pain to be suppressed or ignored. Recall a personal example
and explain how descending systems are involved.
Hearing
What is the normal range of audible frequencies for human hearing?
What is the role of the tympanic membrane and the ossicles in hearing?
What is the purpose of the attenuation reflex?
What is the purpose of putting “tubes” in the ears of children?
Why does yawning eliminate the pain associated with a rapid drop in barometric pressure such as driving
up a mountain or taking off in an airplane?
What are the names of the fluid-filled chambers of the cochlea? Which of these houses the organ of
Corti?
What is unusual about endolymph?
Describe the anatomy of a hair cell in the organ of Corti? What causes a change in the membrane
potential of these cells (a receptor potential/generator potential)?
How is the intensity of a sound encoded in the axons of the cochlear nerve?
How is the frequency of a sound encoded in the axons of the cochlear nerve?
How are low-frequency sounds localized? High-frequency sounds?
What structures constitute the afferent pathway in the auditory system?
Where are the cochlear nuclei and superior olive located? What is one of the functions of these nuclei?
In which lobe of the cerebral cortex is the primary auditory cortex located?
Vestibular System
What is the function of the semicircular canals?
Why are there three of these in each ear?
What is the relationship of hair cells, cupula, and the ampulla?
What is the significance of the fluid movement within the semicircular canal? What accounts for the
sensitivity of these transducers selectively to acceleration and not to sustained movement?
What is the role of the utricle and saccule? How is this different from that of the semicircular canals?
How is the anatomy of the utricle and saccule similar and different from that of the semicircular canals?
What is nystagmus?