Download 28 June

The Cold War
Meeting 8
The question of Yugoslavia. Movement of nonaligned countries.
Yugoslavia – during the Nazi occupation two opposition groups emerged: national chetniks and Tito’s
communists. In 1943 a civil war broke out between the two, with Tito getting stronger backing from
USSR and G. Britain. In October 1944 Nazis are driven out with limited input from the Red Army,
which liberates Belgrade. Tito merges his group with national council and in March 1945 becomes
premier. November elections (with nationals abstaining) are won by Tito and a federal people’s
republic is formed.
1946 constitution gives autonomy to the various republics – in reality power remains in Tito’s
hands. Yugoslavia is rewarded with some territories at Italy’s expense.
In 1948 Tito enters a conflict with Stalin over the latter’s attempt to dominate the communist
world. Conflict is further heated by Tito’s plans to form federation with Bulgaria without Stalin’s
input and by Tito’s deployment of troops in Albania to protect it from civil war in Greece. Yugoslavia
is expelled from Cominform and all Tito’s friends and allies are condemned. Yugoslavia remains
neutral, receives substantial help from the West and forms military alliances with Greece and Turkey.
1918
1 December
1941
17-20 March
25 March
26/27 March
5/6 April
proclamation of kingdom of SHS (Serbs, Croats and Slovenes) by Prince
Alexander
Yugoslavia accepts Hitler’s conditions and is accepted to Fascist block
Yugoslavia enters Pact of Three in Vienna
coup d’état and seizure of power by General Dušan Simović
Yugoslav and USSR non-aggression and friendship treaty announced to be
signed
6 April
Yugoslavia bombed by Nazi planes
10-12 April Ustaše rising to welcome Wehrmacht (decree to protect Aryan blood and Croat
Honor)
17 April
armistice ends German invasion; creation of Nazi satellite state in Croatia;
occupation by Germans, Bulgars and Italians
4 May
London – government in exile formed
Two main opposition factions: Royalist Chetnicks and Yugoslav Partizans the latter
recognized by the Allies
1944
12-13 August Josip Broz Tito meets with Churchill and next with Stalin
20 October liberation of Belgrade by Tito’s troops backed by Soviets
1945
7 March
Tito forms temporary government
2 April
Communist government recognized by Washington and London
11 April
friendship treaty signed with USSR (very badly received in the West; result in
diminishing and ending help to Yugoslavia)
15 May
last anti-Tito troops surrender
1946
31 January
Yugoslav constitution
18 March
5 December
1947
September
1948
28 June
Polish-Yugoslav treaty signed
decree on nationalization of industry, transport and trade companies
calling to life of Cominform with headquarters in Belgrade
Yugoslavia is expelled from the Cominform on accusation of revisionism
(purges in Communist parties in Eastern Europe begin)
1949
Yugoslavia receives US humanitarian aid (grain)
1953
28 February treaty on friendship and cooperation signed with Turkey and Greece
12-15 March Tito in London
14 August
Soviet delegation visits Yugoslavia (Malenkov)
1954
Tito visits Egypt, India, Burma, and Ethiopia
1955
26 May-3 June
Khrushchev visits Belgrade and signs a treaty on normalization of
bilateral relations
23 August
economic cooperation treaty signed in Moscow
1956
7-12 June
Tito visits USSR
1957
UN accept Indian, Swedish and Yugoslav resolution on peaceful coexistence
1958-59
Tito travels on a ship to Indonesia, Ceylon, India, Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia and Syria.
1960
November
Communist Party meeting in Moscow without Yugoslavia
1961
2-6 September Non-aligned countries meet at a conference in Belgrade – acceptance of the
principles of positive neutrality and active coexistence
Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
A free and relatively loose association of states, which were either opposed to the Cold War,
or were seeking to win certain profits on the clash between the two super-powers. The
movement tried to create a third force in the world between the West and the East. NAM
comprised 24 Afro-Asian states and Yugoslavia. First summit of the group was held in
Belgrade in 1961.
Trying to – formally – stay outside the East-West conflict, the NAM countries stressed such
issues as
anticolonialism,
antiracism,
economic development,
anti-Zionism (under strong Arab countries’ pressure).
NAM’s summits were held 13 times since 1961 and the number of associated countries grew
up to 116 in 2003.
The first summit was enhanced by emerge of free African states in 1960, Suez Canal crisis,
Hungarian Revolution, worsening of US-Soviet relations, Congo intervention, Bay of Pigs
intervention and the Second Berlin Crisis. Initiators of the movement were Tito of
Yugoslavia, Sukarno of Indonesia, Nehru of India and Nasser of Egypt.