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The Cold War Meeting 8 The question of Yugoslavia. Movement of nonaligned countries. Yugoslavia – during the Nazi occupation two opposition groups emerged: national chetniks and Tito’s communists. In 1943 a civil war broke out between the two, with Tito getting stronger backing from USSR and G. Britain. In October 1944 Nazis are driven out with limited input from the Red Army, which liberates Belgrade. Tito merges his group with national council and in March 1945 becomes premier. November elections (with nationals abstaining) are won by Tito and a federal people’s republic is formed. 1946 constitution gives autonomy to the various republics – in reality power remains in Tito’s hands. Yugoslavia is rewarded with some territories at Italy’s expense. In 1948 Tito enters a conflict with Stalin over the latter’s attempt to dominate the communist world. Conflict is further heated by Tito’s plans to form federation with Bulgaria without Stalin’s input and by Tito’s deployment of troops in Albania to protect it from civil war in Greece. Yugoslavia is expelled from Cominform and all Tito’s friends and allies are condemned. Yugoslavia remains neutral, receives substantial help from the West and forms military alliances with Greece and Turkey. 1918 1 December 1941 17-20 March 25 March 26/27 March 5/6 April proclamation of kingdom of SHS (Serbs, Croats and Slovenes) by Prince Alexander Yugoslavia accepts Hitler’s conditions and is accepted to Fascist block Yugoslavia enters Pact of Three in Vienna coup d’état and seizure of power by General Dušan Simović Yugoslav and USSR non-aggression and friendship treaty announced to be signed 6 April Yugoslavia bombed by Nazi planes 10-12 April Ustaše rising to welcome Wehrmacht (decree to protect Aryan blood and Croat Honor) 17 April armistice ends German invasion; creation of Nazi satellite state in Croatia; occupation by Germans, Bulgars and Italians 4 May London – government in exile formed Two main opposition factions: Royalist Chetnicks and Yugoslav Partizans the latter recognized by the Allies 1944 12-13 August Josip Broz Tito meets with Churchill and next with Stalin 20 October liberation of Belgrade by Tito’s troops backed by Soviets 1945 7 March Tito forms temporary government 2 April Communist government recognized by Washington and London 11 April friendship treaty signed with USSR (very badly received in the West; result in diminishing and ending help to Yugoslavia) 15 May last anti-Tito troops surrender 1946 31 January Yugoslav constitution 18 March 5 December 1947 September 1948 28 June Polish-Yugoslav treaty signed decree on nationalization of industry, transport and trade companies calling to life of Cominform with headquarters in Belgrade Yugoslavia is expelled from the Cominform on accusation of revisionism (purges in Communist parties in Eastern Europe begin) 1949 Yugoslavia receives US humanitarian aid (grain) 1953 28 February treaty on friendship and cooperation signed with Turkey and Greece 12-15 March Tito in London 14 August Soviet delegation visits Yugoslavia (Malenkov) 1954 Tito visits Egypt, India, Burma, and Ethiopia 1955 26 May-3 June Khrushchev visits Belgrade and signs a treaty on normalization of bilateral relations 23 August economic cooperation treaty signed in Moscow 1956 7-12 June Tito visits USSR 1957 UN accept Indian, Swedish and Yugoslav resolution on peaceful coexistence 1958-59 Tito travels on a ship to Indonesia, Ceylon, India, Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia and Syria. 1960 November Communist Party meeting in Moscow without Yugoslavia 1961 2-6 September Non-aligned countries meet at a conference in Belgrade – acceptance of the principles of positive neutrality and active coexistence Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) A free and relatively loose association of states, which were either opposed to the Cold War, or were seeking to win certain profits on the clash between the two super-powers. The movement tried to create a third force in the world between the West and the East. NAM comprised 24 Afro-Asian states and Yugoslavia. First summit of the group was held in Belgrade in 1961. Trying to – formally – stay outside the East-West conflict, the NAM countries stressed such issues as anticolonialism, antiracism, economic development, anti-Zionism (under strong Arab countries’ pressure). NAM’s summits were held 13 times since 1961 and the number of associated countries grew up to 116 in 2003. The first summit was enhanced by emerge of free African states in 1960, Suez Canal crisis, Hungarian Revolution, worsening of US-Soviet relations, Congo intervention, Bay of Pigs intervention and the Second Berlin Crisis. Initiators of the movement were Tito of Yugoslavia, Sukarno of Indonesia, Nehru of India and Nasser of Egypt.