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THE COLD WAR WWII PEACE? Germany – “unconditional” surrender – divided into 4 zones Poland reconstituted – Soviet satallite Finland and Austria – Independent – Russia yoke of influence Baltic States – absorbed into USSR Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria - USSR Yugoslavia, Albania – Communist – resistant to USSR rule Italy abolished monarchy – unstable democracy WWII PEACE? Greece – bloody civil war France – 4th Republic – Unstable Britain – empire evaporated Japan – imposed democracy, rapid economic recovery = power status China liberated from Japanese rule – civil war = Mao Zedong (1949) League of Nations replaced by the United Nations US and USSR superpowers = bi-polar world THREE PERIODS THE EARLY COLD WAR (1945-53) THE MIDDLE COLD WAR (1953-74) THE COLD WAR’S END (1974-91) WEAPONS Propaganda Diplomatic Moves Scientific Competition Economic Competition Espionage Subversion THE EARLY COLD WAR YALTA 1945 BIG THREE Issues? Germany, Japan, Poland Free-Elections Intentions, suspicions WHAT TO DO WITH EASTERN EUROPEAN NATIONS? SATELLITES Heavenly body that orbits a larger body Eastern and Central Europe: Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Rumania Dictatorships controlled by the Communist Party Denied Civil Liberties GERMANY DIVIDED IRON CURTAIN 1946 “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the continent.” CONTAINMENT THEORY 1947 George F. Kennan “The main element of any United States policy toward Soviet Union must be a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansionist tendencies.” CONTAINMENT Kennan’s prediction = mellow, collapse Creative application of containment War, Diplomacy, Aid, Intelligence, Rebel Groups Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, Berlin Airlift TRUMAN DOCTRINE 1947 USSR expansion – Greece - Turkey US $400 million in aid 1947-50 $660 million THE MARSHALL PLAN 1947 George C. Marshall, Sec. Of State Europe “rubble heap” (Churchill) US recovery - $$$$ $13 Billion “a miraculous economic recovery” THE BERLIN AIRLIFT June 1948 – May 1949 West Berlin – 2.5 million population 2.3 million tons of supplies After 276,926 flights Soviet Union lifts blockade NATO 1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organization Brussels, Belgium Defensive Military Alliance 12 Nations originally Today? 28 members United States Luxemburg Belgium Netherlands Britain Norway Canada Portugal Denmark 1952: Greece & Turkey France Iceland 1955: West Germany Italy 1983: Spain WARSAW PACT } U. S. S. R. } Albania } Bulgaria } Czechoslovakia } East Germany } Hungary } Poland } Rumania UNITED NATIONS 1945 – 51 founding nations Goals: International Peace and Security, Friendly Relations, Cooperation in International problems, Human Rights Five “Super powers” Today 192 Nations CHINA REVOLUTION 1949 Mao Tse Tung 1949 – 1976) Communism Chaing Kai Shek – Nationalists – Taiwan (r. KOREA 1950-1953 “The Forgotten War” 38th Parallel North Korea – Kim Il-Sung THE MIDDLE COLD WAR CRISIS AND COMPETITION HUNGARIAN UPRISING 1956 Imre Nagy Prime Minister Krushschev “Secret Speech” – De-Stalinization Withdrawal – Warsaw Pact End Communism in Hungary? Executed 1958 SUEZ CRISIS 1956-1957 British/French Control – military base 80,000 troops Symbol of the overseas power “jugular vein of the empire” Abdel Nassar – President of Egypt Egyptian Nationalization SPUTNIK 1957 Russia – 1st man-made satellite US – NASA “Space Race” U2 Incident 1960 Soviets - Krushchev US – Eisenhower Col. Francis Gary Powers US Spy Plane shot down in Russia CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS 1962 Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961) Fidel Castro (r. 19592008) BERLIN WALL 1961 Divides East and West Berlin VIETNAM 1955-1963 Imperialist French control of Indo-China Ho Chi Minh (18921969) - Nationalists US INVOLVEMNT “If you want to, go ahead and fight in the jungles of Vietnam," Khrushchev said. "The French fought there for seven years and still had to quit in the end. Perhaps the Americans will be able to stick it out for a little longer, but eventually they will have to quit, too." - Nikita Krushchev VIETNAMIZATION 1969 President Nixon Gradual withdraw U.S. ground forces “Peace with Honor” 1973 – all US troops out Communist North Vietnam captures South Vietnam Containment? PRAGUE SPRING 1968 Led to Brezhnev Doctrine Alexander Dubcek (1921-1992) “Socialism with a Human Face” Russia – 500,000 troops THE COLD WAR’S END SALT I & II Strategic Arms Limitation Total 1969-1979 US – USSR strategic arms limitations SALT I – Moscow (1972) Nixon, Brezhnev SALT II – Vienna (1979) Carter, Brezhnev SOLIDARITY 1980 Poland 1956 – workers protested 1970 – food riots 1976 – new strikes 1980 – 17,000 workers Lenin Shipyard – STRIKE (food prices) SOLIDARITY Network of Unions Solidarity Movement Leader Lech Walesa 1979 – New Pope – John Paul II 27-year Papacy First non-Italian Pope in 455 years “There can be no just Europe without an independent Poland on the map of Europe!” FALL OF THE BERLIN WALL Gorbachev’s Glasnost - Perestroika “General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, if you seek liberalization: Come here to this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!” – Ronald Reagan (June 12, 1987) November 9, 1989 Unification October 3, 1990 – Reunification of Germany REVOLUTIONS OF 1989 Poland, Hungary, East Germany, Romania? Velvet Revolution – Czechoslovakia -Vaclav Havel Free elections, press THE DEATH OF YUGOSLAVIA Republic of Yugoslavia (19441992) Six republics – Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia Two autonomous regions – Kosovo - Vojvodina Josip Broz Tito (r. 1944-1980) “Non-Alignment” THE DEATH OF YUGOSLAVIA Multi-Ethnic Violent Break – Civil War Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia – Independence 1991 Serb minorities in each above region Slobodan Milosevic (1941-2006) – Yugoslavia “Ethnic Cleansing” – Bosnian Muslims THE EUROPEAN UNION Jean Monnet (1888-1979), Robert Schuman (1886-1963) 1952 European Coal and Steel Community – “Inner Six” – Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, Italy, Germany 1957 – Treaty of Rome – Common Market or European Economic Community 1991 – Maastricht Treaty – “single Europe” – European Union European Parliament, European Commission, Euro THE EUROPEAN UNION 27 Member Nations Political and Economic (Euro) 16 members use Euro “Europe without frontiers” Peace, Stability, and Prosperity United States of Europe? BRIEF HISTORY U.S. – SOVIET RELATIONS 1917-1941 - Unfriendly 1941-1945 - Cooperative 1945 – 1971 – Hostile 1971 –1979 – Detente 1980-1985 - Strained 1980 – Present – Diplomacy